Isabel Calway Great Expectations Coursework Essay

In this essay I am going to write about how Dickens presents Estella and Magwitch, two key characters in the story, and the purpose of them.  Pip firsts meets Magwitch in a graveyard on Christmas Eve. He has a leg iron, this shows that the story was written when leg irons were still used, in the Victorian times.  Pip firsts meets Magwitch in a graveyard on a cold Christmas Eve. Pip finds him threatening and is scared by him we know this because pip tells us that he was ‘a fearful man all in coarse grey’ and when they first meet, Magwitch says ‘keep still you little boy or I’ll cut your throat’. He asks him to bring him some food and drink and a file He does exactly what Magwitch asked him to do, and brings him all the things he needed. Even through pip is threatened by him he is still intrigued and asks Mrs. Joe and Joe about the ‘hulk’ where Magwitch said his was from, even Though every times he asks he gets told off he continues to ask and finds out it is a prison ship and that Magwitch must be a convict. When the police arrive at pips door on Christmas Day pip is scared it is about stealing the pork pie for the convict, but they are just there to get some handcuffs fixed by his brother-in-law Joe Gargery.  Pip makes sure that Magwitch knows it wasn’t him to told the police about his presence on the marshes, and Magwitch sticks up for pip by saying ‘I took some wittles, up at the village over yonder-where the church stands a’ most out on the marshes’ this shows the reader that Magwitch does have a heart and wants to make sure Pip doesn’t want to get him into trouble and actually has the time to say it, when he didn’t have to and it was inconvenience for him. Magwitch is not very well spoken and has an accent, Magwitch say ‘wittles’ meaning food shows he isn’t an gentleman and hasn’t been taught to speak properly he also says ‘lookee here’ and ‘dyee’. He pronounces his ‘v’ as ‘w’. Magwitch comes across as a threatening, strong and violent character but later in the story you find out that he is quite emotional and caring. He benefactors his life saving which he must have worked hard for, he gives them to pip because he lost his daughter.  aPip often refers to Magwitch as ‘my friend’ or ‘my convict’ this shows there is a real connection, most young child when threatened like Pip was would run away, but pip lingers and tries to engage Magwitch. Magwitch does affect pip he is younger life but only a bit, Pip forgets him when he is growing up, but when he finds out that he is his benefactor all of his memories come flooding back. When Pip is becoming a gentleman thanks to Magwitch he is told Magwitch would be taken to prison and maybe killed, Pip feels that it is his duty to help him and act like a son to him, as it, in a way is how Magwitch treated pip. Pip first meets Estella when he is asked to go and play at Miss Havishams home; from the moment he saw her he thought that she was beautiful when she takes him to see Miss Havisham he say that ‘she shines along the dark passage like a star’, and when he is asked by Miss Havisham what he thinks and feels about Estella the first thing he says without hesitation is ‘I think she is very pretty’.  Estella follows Miss Havisham’s every demand. Estella is repeatedly told to break pip heart by Miss Havisham and of course Estella does.  She is vulnerable towards Miss Havisham, and Pip is to her, he falls in love with her very easily even though Estella is very honest towards him by telling him not to and that she has no heart, she does allow him to kiss her on the cheek a few times, this keeps Pips love for her alive and it seems she is always present to Pip even absent. It is because of Estella Pip aspires to be a gentleman in his visits to Miss Havisham Estella frequently says things such as ‘with this boy?!, why he is a common labouring boy!’ and ‘..And what coarse hands he has! And what thick boots’ this made Pip feels negative and embarrassed about himself when before he felt positive and comfortable.  Estella plays a big role in Pips childhood she was his first love and only love, Everything he does has a connection to her, he either does it to impress her or to get closer to her and many other things, if Pip had never of met Estella he would not be so determined to do the things he did, this is a good thing because Pip turned out to have a better life then he would of with Joe, but at the same time is heart is broken, which is not positive.

Mass media violence and the effects on children Essay

Violence on television has been an issue that has plagued man from the day it was invented. Numerous shows depict violent acts such as rape, murder, and other such acts that many people consider inappropriate for adolescents. According to some studies the average child watches about 27 hours of television week. In some cases it is as much as 11 hours a day on a weekend. With the current amount of violence that is on television today these same studies estimate that the average child sees 8,000 murders and 100,000 acts of violence before finishing elementary school. In 1992, there were over 1,800 acts of violence shown on television a day, over 360 those showed an act involving guns. Media scope’s National Television Violence Study found that 57% of television programs aired in 1994 and 1995 contained some violence most of these were cartoons. So the question is, should we ban violence from the television or should we just leave it the way it is? Some people believe that it should be banned from stations that show children’s programs to prevent the exposure of those children. Sometimes children see a great amount of violence on television, they begin to think that this is right and start to imitate the acts that they see on television, which are not the things that the parents want the children to learn from. One example of this is a thirteen-year-old boy who shot his best friend’s father and then put salt in the wounds. When he was asked why he did this he said that he had seen the same thing on a movie the day before. Psychological research has shown three major effects of seeing violence on television: Children may become less sensitive to the pain and suffering of others. Children may be more fearful of the world around them†¦ Children may be more likely to behave in aggressive or harmful ways toward others. Children who watch a lot of TV are less aroused by violent scenes than are those who only watch a little; in other words, they’re less bothered by violence in general and less likely to anything wrong with it. One example: in several studies, those who watched a violent program instead of a nonviolent one were slower to intervene or to call for help when, a little later, they saw younger children fighting or playing destructively. Children often behave differently after they’ve been watching violent programs on TV. In one study done at Pennsylvania State University, about 100 preschool children were  observed both before and after watching television; some watched cartoons that had a lot of aggressive and violent acts in them, and others watched shows that didn’t have any kind of violence. The first group were less likely to share and more prone to hit or be destructive. Prime time programs average eight hostile acts per hour; children’s shows four times as much. People as a society today tend to over react to incidents where children are involved. The problem arises when some demented child who has serious mental problems and can’t define reality and fiction does a horrendous crime and blames all his problems on a show that he saw where two people kill each other. I can see the relevance of this argument but I can’t honestly believe that 50% of children can’t tell the difference between reality and the images they see on television. Without being taught children make their own assessments of the reality status of television programs. The opposing sides of this issue are the parents whose children are viewing the violent material and the television stations that broadcast the shows. Parents can help by just observing their children. Because there is a great deal of violence in both adult and children’s programming, just limiting the number of hours children watch television will probably reduce the amount of aggression they see. In addition: Parents should watch at least one episode of the programs their children watch.Parents can encourage their children to watch programs that demonstrate helping, caring and cooperation. Parents can protect children from excessive TV violence in the following ways: ï‚ · Point out that although the actor has not actually been hurt or killed such violence in real life results in pain or death. ï‚ · Refuse to let the children see shows known to be violent, and change the channel or turn off the TV set when something offensive comes on, with an explanation of what is wrong with the program. ï‚ · Disapprove of the violent episodes in front of the children, stressing the belief that such behavior is not the best way to resolve a problem. ï‚ · To offset peer pressure among friends and classmates, contact other parents and agree to enforce similar rules that limit the length of time and type of program the children may watch. Studies show that these non-violent types of programs can influence children to become more kind and considerate. Although there are different views on the impact of TV violence, one very strong summary is provided by Eron (1992) in his recent congressional testimony: There can no longer be any doubt that heavy  exposure to televised violence is one of the causes of aggressive behavior, crime and violence in society. The evidence comes from both the laboratory and real-life studies. Television violence affects youngsters of all ages, of genders, at all socio-economic levels and all levels of intelligence. The effect is not limited to children who are already disposed to being aggressive and is not restricted to this country. The fact that we get this same finding of a relationship between television violence and aggression in children in study after study, in one country after another cannot be ignored. The causal effect of television violence on aggression, even though it is not very large, exists. It cannot be denied or explained away. We have demonstrated this causal effect outside the laboratory in real-life among many different children. We have come to believe that a vicious cycle exists in which television violence makes children more aggressive and these aggressive children turn to watching more violence to justify their own behavior.† (p. 1) others believe that violence makes television more interesting and that if you take it off the air that the programs will be more boring and that they will go to the networks that are showing the violent programs that are interesting. The problem with this issue is the right of free speech. The networks have the right to show any thing that they want. The government does regulate some of the programs but they can’t see them all. Television viewers argue that if networks were forced to take the violence off the air that they would lose viewers and then they would lose the sponsors that they depend on. They also believe that this would be denying their freedom. Television stations have received many complaints from the public regarding the content of the violent shows that they show on their networks. A poll was taken in March 1993 showed that 72 percent of Canadians believe that TV entertainment shows contain too much violence. Major networks like NBC and CBS have received a great deal of criticism because there are viewed the most. However the major networks have said that most of the violence is shown on cable networks and not on their networks. Some networks are saying that violence is not the worst thing on TV. They say that sex, drug use, and alcohol abuse on television is more influential than the violence that is shown. As a result, the networks do not think about limiting the violence on  programs is as big a priority as limiting the sexual content or the drug use. The government has the right to cancel or edit any program that they see fit but the problem is that they don’t see all the programs before they are aired to the public. But because of the pressure of society, networks are becoming diligent in keeping a leash on what is said and done on their stations. Modern technology has come up with ways to regulate the violence and the type of television watched by kids. The summer of 1993 marked an important milestone for the issue of television violence. Due to the work of Senator Paul Simon (D-IL), the industry met and discussed the issue media violence with media activists. For the first time the industry leaders acknowledged that there might be some reason for concern. The broadcast industry and the cable industry both agreed to monitor their offerings for levels of violence. UCLA was chosen to monitor broadcast television, while Media scope was contracted to do the same for cable television. The final V-chip may not be a chip, but a modification of existing technology in TV sets, i.e., and the closed-captioning system. According to industry spokesmen, modification to the existing closed-caption to include the V-chip rating would not be difficult. A rating code would be carried within an unused portion of the television signal, the black bar that appears when the horizontal hole on a television set goes out of whack and the picture rolls. It would be an improvement over existing technology that allows parents to block an entire channel, since the V-chip could automatically block-selected programs. The Electronic Industries Association has been working on a V-Chip technical standard for more than 3 years. Many people have comments on the v-chip. President Bill Clinton looks on the V-Chip as giving the remote control back to the parent. The administration supported the V-Chip and has aided in the formation of a means to create a rating system. Senator Paul Simon, a longtime critic of the industry, surprised and disappointed many when he opposed the concept of the V-Chip and the legislation, which incorporates it into new television set. In an article written for Business Wire and also in a speech on the floor of the Senate he argues that: ï‚ · The V-chip is no substituting for the industry disciplining itself ï‚ · in areas of high crime where children watch 50% more TV, the V-chip would not be used ï‚ · Teenagers  will find a way around the V-chip. ï‚ · They will see the programs at the homes of other children ï‚ · it will take years for the V-chip to be in all TV sets TV needs to be cleaned up now. ï‚ · Will the V-chip distinguish between gratuitous, glamorized violence and other types? ï‚ · Will broadcasters shy away from any programming deemed to be violent? ï‚ · It will be a pro for cable and a negative for broadcast television. Yet it is broadcast television that has made the most progress in lessening violence. ï‚ · For 10- to 14- year-old males a negative rating will have drawing effect. ï‚ · In short the V-chip is a gimmick  there are some problems however with the v-chip. Some of these are: ï‚ · There will certainly be problems that are related to the implementation of the rating system and the use of the V-chip. ï‚ · Will the rating be carried just at the beginning of the program or will the rating be carried throughout the program so if a program is turned on in progress the rating will be read by the chip and the program will be blocked? ï‚ · Would each episode of a show be rated or would shows be given just one rating, regardless of content from week-to-week? ï‚ · If â€Å"R† ratings are limited to a post-9PM, would that mean that reruns of those shows could not air in the lucrative 7 PM8 PM time known as prime access, when the studios make their money back on programming? ï‚ · Some worry that a more detailed rating system could be used by pressure groups to target certain television programs. Advertisers could be forced not to advertise certain rating categories. ï‚ · It will be a huge job to rate 300,000 hours a year, plus the programs that are available for re-runs. The violence that is on TV is not the only way that children are exposed to. Video games are more based to violence because they sell more than any other type of game. Music is also a very good way to expose children to violence. Here are some facts related to the topic that I found on the Internet about games, the Internet, TV, and music industry. VIDEO GAMES AND CYBERSPACE VIOLENCE ï‚ · The Internet, a global â€Å"network of networks† is not governed by a government or private entity. This vacuum leaves no checks or limits on the information maintained or made accessible to users. No person or entity owns  the Internet, leaving no one accountable for the accidents, which occur, on its highways. ï‚ · The incidence of violence on the Internet is difficult to quantify because the technology has moved faster than our capability to monitor it. Evidence of violence is anecdotal rather than statistical mainly because communication on the Internet is private. Reported cases of abuse are relatively infrequent, but as the technology continues to advance, there is potential for great harm as well as great good. ï‚ · The Oklahoma bombing suspect obtained a copy of the â€Å"Turner Diaries,† a book which advocates the violent overthrow of government, off the Internet. Whereas before, one would have had to know exactly where to look and be pre-disposed to search for the book, the Internet made it easily accessible to a global audience. ï‚ · Although there has been less research on the effects of violence in video games and the Internet because they are new and changing technologies, there is little reason to doubt that findings from other media studies will apply here too. Young children instinctively imitate actions they observe, without always possessing the intellect or maturity to determine if such actions are appropriate. Due to their role-modeling capacity to promote real world violence, there is deep concern that playing violent video games, with their fully digitalized human images, will cause children to become more aggressive towards other children and become more tolerant of, and more likely to engage in, real-life violence. MUSIC VIOLENCE ï‚ · The Parents Music Resource Center reports that American teenagers listen to an estimated 10,500 hours of rock music between the 7th and 12th grades alone – just 500 hours less than they spend in school over twelve years. ï‚ · Entertainment Monitor reported that only 10 of the top 40 popular CDs on sale during the 1995 holiday season were free of profanity, or lyrics dealing with drugs, violence and sex. ï‚ · A recent survey by the Recording Industry Association of America found that many parents do not know what lyrics are contained in the popular music their children listen to. ï‚ · In September 1995, Warner Music Group bowed to public pressure and announced it was severing its 50% stake in Inters cope Records, home to Nine-Inch Nails and controversial rap artists Snoop Doggy Dog, Dr. Dre. , and Eminem. Rap artists simply turned to a different distribution network and their CDs continue to hit the stores with lyrics, which glorify guns, rape, and murder. Bibliography: http://tvschedules.about.com/tvradio/tvschedules/msubviolence.htm?iam=mt&terms=%2Bchildren+%2Band+%2Bviolence+%2Bon+%2Btelevision http://interact.uoregon.edu/mediaLit/FA/MLArticleFolder/kalin.html http://www.aap.org/advocacy/childhealthmonth/media.htm http://www.nctvv.org/ http://www.sofcom.com.au/TV/violence.html http://www.crtc.gc.ca/eng/social/tv.htm NAESP Homepage, http:/www.owt.com/cheifjo/qtvviolc.html,2000

Critical thinking on research methodologies and methods used in the Essay

Critical thinking on research methodologies and methods used in the paper - Essay Example 3). The methodology that is chosen is based on our assumptions, interest and purposes (Taylor and Bogdan 1998). The methodology chosen is dependent on the theoretical perspective which the researcher seeks to follow. Taylor and Bogdan (1998) indicate that there are two major theoretical perspectives which have dominated social science – positivism and phenomenological or interpretive. Positivist seeks to obtain facts or to determine the causes of social phenomena which are outside of the subjective states of individuals. The interpretive approach seeks to understand social phenomena from the actor’s point of view – that is what individuals perceive the reality to be. Methodology represents the main ways in which researchers act on the environment in which they are interested – the methods (experiments, surveys, etc.) they use to gain information lead to ‘different characteristics of their reality; and it is through the methods they utilise that make their research public and reproducible by others. In addition to theoretical principles a methodology provides a framework which forms a guide to the way in which research is carried out. ... 3) advances three methodologies – Qualitative, quantitative and a mixed approach which incorporates elements of both quantitative and qualitative methodologies. The qualitative and quantitative approaches are differentiated by their basic philosophical assumptions that researchers bring to the study, the strategies they employ in their research – quantitative experiments or qualitative case studies, and the particular methods they employ in carrying out these strategies – collecting quantitative data versus collecting qualitative data by observing a situation or through participation. Denzin and Lincoln (2005, p. 3) qualitative research is a ‘situated activity that locates the observer in the world.’ It is a set of interpretive practices that makes the world visible to the researcher. Researchers make use of conversations, field notes, interviews, photographs, recordings, and memos which act as reminders. Qualitative research then becomes ‘an i nterpretive, naturalistic approach to the world.’ This implies that qualitative researchers’ take advantage of natural setting in their attempts to interpret phenomena in terms of the meanings constructed by the people involved in the situation that is being studied. Methods for collecting data such as interviews are capable of being used under different methodological presuppositions. This is also true for sampling methods. What's the relation between this to the journal content? In their paper, Owens et al (2005) uses the word method to indicate the methodology that they used in their research. In that they indicate the method they used to choose the participants for the study, the procedures they followed to collect data and how the data was analysed. In the section relating to the analysis of data the

Analyze the development of global careers and the role of Essay

Analyze the development of global careers and the role of International assignments - Essay Example The constituents of global careers are both intrinsically and extrinsically established on the basis of both the individualistic and the organizational perspectives. Career paths are determined by informal norms and well aided developments that create and illustrate a positive link between the traditional factors and the career capital formations of the individuals in an international organization. Arthur et al, (1995) explains that developing leaders whose key objective is to develop better managerial capabilities including being able to efficiently run global organization is a fundamental factor determining the human resource priority in major organizations. Arguably, Black et al, (1991) explore the critical challenges that international face in the process of executing their obligations. Further submissions by Bonache et al, (2001) indicate that managing global talents provide consistence and support an in-depth understands of the external businesses. The organizational integral p art involves global management approach which is evidently based on increased cost management. Ideally, the issues that involve substantial risks, career developments and applicable cultural variations have influenced business trends in the last decades. For better business growth strategies, geographic operations are thought to be consistent with the traditional and modern global career paths. Global career programs are vital and ultimately necessary for organizational advancements, and at various levels, their role is valid and ultimately necessary for employees who are in need of better training. 1.1 Literature Review 1.1.1 Overview Despite the various problems faced by organizations, there is an important belief in gained experience including the need to explore and manage global competition. In this case, a high level competence is ideal and a fundamental necessity. The scope of this literature is determined by exploring the levels of training, selection, preparation as well as adjustment and performance composition, (Black, 1991). With respect to the global career development, the organizational dynamics involve generating sustainable roles, as well as ensuring that adequate career choices are factored for the international assignments. Firstly, the research component should involve a research experimentation process justified by developing the assignment specification, (Bonache et al, 2001). Although organizations provide ideal funding for their skill development initiatives, developing better career objectives would also involve global career progression policies. Both Evans et al, (2002) and Hall, (2002) outlines several developmental goals aiding global competence including their specific impact on an insightful developments. The mainstream consideration for the HR managers is validly explained by the international assignment position, including highly divisive goal ranking experience. However, the link between career experience and career progressio n is complexly enhanced by a growing individual variation, and hence this also creates a

Industrial safety engineering (safety in work enviroment) Term Paper

Industrial safety engineering (safety in work enviroment) - Term Paper Example The government regulations on organizational safety and health (OSHA) demand that organizations maintain health and safety standards to ensure that their employees work in a minimum risk working environment. Failing to comply with these regulations attracts legal penalties that often are consequential to the organization. One of the superior ways of maintaining health and safety within an organization is educating the employees on the need for safety in a working environment and the minimum safety level requirements demanded in the organization. The management should thus be aware of how to induce effective training programs and how to align the employees towards the managerial objectives as far as health and safety is concerned within the work place. In reality, employee training is a key strategy to minimization of accidents, illnesses and death in work environments. Safety and health are two closely related terms yet very distinct in an industrial setting, hence the need to separa te them. Goetsch (2008), an industrial and safety professional, define safety in an organization as the ability to keep the employees away from the accident-causing situations that might cause damage, injury or even kill the employee. For instance, in an engineering firm, engineers have to operate electrically driven machines such as conveyor belts and grinders. When such machines come into contact with human beings, they are likely to cause accidents, some of which may be fatal. As such, it is crucial to safeguard the life of an employee from such machines to avoid unnecessary accidents in an organization. On the other hand, health maintenance refers to the ability to protect employees from disease causing environments. In industrial organizations, say a manufacturing plant, employees are exposed to smoke that may cause lung diseases. In this light, organizations have a core responsibility to avoid accidents and industrial related diseases within the employee population. In the Uni ted States the Organizational Safety and Health Act (OSHA) provides the standards that industrial organizations should comply with. The OSH Act provides that each business organization has a general duty to ensure that their employees are safe and free work environment hazards. Each year, the federal government, through their safety supervisors, conduct random safety inspections to observe whether organization have applied safety programs that comply with the OSHA standards. Over 50, 000 organizations are scrutinized and failure of compliance attracts fines, penalties and even temporary or permanent closure of organizations. One requirement of the OSH Act is that the employees have the â€Å"right-to-know† the health risks and conditions of the organization before they are assigned to their duties (United States Department of Labor, 2013). Resultantly, the act recommends that every organization implement an employee training program to ensure that employees are aware of the d angers that they risk in their working conditions. In essence, the implementing a health and safety training program is a compulsory requirement for every organization. Putting the legal side of organizational health and safety aside, a healthy working environment has many economic benefits to the organization. Burton (2008) points out to the high financial cost that organizations pay for failing to implement standard work environment conditions. First, unhealthy employees are likely to absent from

The potential for gaining weight is higher when work is for a night Essay

The potential for gaining weight is higher when work is for a night shift rather than day and evening shift - Essay Example Conventionally, the innate biological clock have more often been overlooked and set aside by its anatomic owner because of changes in lifestyle, and because of economic developments which is now more of intensified productivity to cope with increasing demand. Consequently, organizational operations maybe 24/7, which requires at most 3 different sets of workers. So, there are those that are assigned to day shift. There are also separate set of workers assigned for the evening shift. And, another set is assigned for the night shift. The workers assigned for the day shift are the most likely set of people who obeys the law of nature in terms of meeting the number of hours for rest at a particular time of the night that the body has been accustomed to while growing up. Thus, given that the same set of people eats at regular interval, a balance diet, then, biological physiologic functions of the body can be presumed to run normal as well as body size and weight. Conversely, the potential for gaining weight is higher when work is for a night shift rather than day and evening shift.

Beliefs of E-Commerce Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Beliefs of E-Commerce - Essay Example Comfort Bikers adopted many advertising and marketing techniques to sustain profitability and enjoy customer loyalty without any success though. In the light of highly advanced technologies that are making their presence felt, Comfort Bikers needs to soon get its act together and come up with a business plan focusing to cash on fast emerging e-commerce practices, especially through the use of a website created for their brand name. Creating a website and making sure that it serves the desired objectives and business perspectives, it’s important that business model and the technology used to create the website is strategically thought out and well planned in advance (wps.prenhall, 2010). Most famous online business models that have been modified by businesses to suit their specific needs are Product Sales, Service Sales, and Information Delivery. Comfort Bikes though can adopt a business model that should assist them not only in making profits, but also in ensuring sustained pr ofitability and overall growth. From this perspective, it’s most advisable for the company to come up with a business model that effectively integrates the features and advantages of the three mentioned models above. Its business model should serve customers of all three categories; ones seeking to buy a bike or get the servicing done of their owned bikes or customers intending to gain information about their various options regarding bikes. Internet presence will ensure open communication with customers, enable superior customer relationship by improving the services provided, and will also help the company expand its business horizons. Quick information, improved feedback and suggestions, and more channels of revenue increase will be available for Comfort Bikes to ensure successful sustenance in today’s chaotic economy. Creating a website for business expansion is not only worthwhile in its perspective customer reach, but also is one of the most financially viable op tions. The required functionality of the websites to start with would not require more than five pages, one each dedicated to receiving new orders, servicing orders, information assistance, customer assistance, and business associations respectively. This will ensure clear and comfortable navigation for all the potential stakeholders in the Comfort Bikes (energizingentrepreneurs, 2010). At the end, the investment needed in getting the website up would not be profoundly expensive as the requirement of the technical specification will include generic software like Adobe Flash Player, Illustrator, and Point-Order Software for e-commerce transaction including the payment gateways etc. Hardware requirement will include a server, printer, and scanner to maintain and record hard copies of orders, receipts etc.. Adapting the business model to expand its customer reach through the most happening and evergrowing marketing tool, Internet, would ensure rapid success for Comfort Bikes. The websi te will also give the company an ideal platform to grow and gain sustained competitive edge in future. References Digital Enterpreises. (2010). Business Models on the Web. Retrieved November 24, 2011, from http://digitalenterprise.org/models/models.html Energizing Enterpreneurs. (2010). E-Commerce as a Business