Sociology - Part Of Childbearing Essay - 1637 Words

Examine Changes in the Patterns of Childbearing and Childrearing in the UK Since The 1970’s In the last 40 years, patterns for both childbearing, which is having children, and childrearing (which is the primary socialisation of children) have changed due to several different reasons. Since the 1970’s less children are born outside of marriage, we know this due to statistics which show that over four out of ten children are now born outside of marriage which is five times more than in the early 1970’s. Women are also having children later on in their lives. In 1971 the average age was around 24.3 years whereas in 2005 the average had risen by quite a lot to 27.3 years. Some are even deciding to remain childless and it is also†¦show more content†¦This means that he believes that nuclear families are needed in society in order for children to have a correct upbringing because the men are meant to control the child’s behaviour and the discipline of the child, and as women aren’t perceived as being able to do this, it creates children who behave irresponsibly. Woman may also want to raise children on their own due to the rise of the feminist movement where women want to be more independent and rely less on men or be married as feminist believe nuclear families are traps. In the 1970’s the majority of children were raised within a nuclear family as this was seen as the norm in society. However in recent years many more children are being raised in different family forms throughout the UK for all sorts of reasons. One form is cohabiting couples, the number of cohabiting couples is expected to double to almost 4million by 2021 which is a massive increase as in 1986, the number was around 1million. Children may be raised within this family form due to the woman getting pregnant and her boyfriend wanting to create an almost perfect family so they live together but do not get married. Another reason may be because they feel as though marriage is not the right option but still agree to do the same as what married couples do such as raise children. Another form is nuclear families which was the most common in the 1970’s. This type of family is favoured by the new right and functionalists as they believe it offers aShow MoreRelatedcomparing t he Amish society and British modern day society, values and norms1117 Words   |  5 PagesThis essay is going to look at the families in the Amish Society and British Modern Day Society. The essay will demonstrate understanding of their cultures, values, norms and inequalities. The Amish society first originated in 1962 in Europe and the first Amish arrived in Pennsylvania in the 1730’s to escape persecution in Europe.The Amish church started as a breakaway from the Annabaptists (adult baptizers) in Switzerland in 1693, led by Jakob Ammann. Frater, J. (2012) According to BBC ReligionsRead More Changing Family Structure in Modern Society Essay1900 Words   |  8 PagesThis essay will identify how modern day society is changing with regards to family structure in particular marriage, cohabitation, step families and lone parenting explaining how this may or may not impact on parenting practices in turn influencing the outcome of children and the formation of their identities. It will also discuss the Governments role in aiding families and protecting children with regard to current policies and procedures. Also the current perception of childhood and the increasingRead MoreEssay on Comparison of George Herbert Mead and Sigmund Freud3378 Words   |  14 PagesSchultz and Schultz, (2008) the id is defined as the source of psychic energy and the aspect of personality allied with the instincts. The ego is defined as the rational aspect of personality responsible for controlling the instincts. Lastly, the third part of Freud’s structure of personality the superego, which is defined as the moral aspect of personality derived from internalizing parental and societal values and standards. The â€Å"I† is defined as the self that results from the progressive stages ofRead More The Degradation of Wives in the Victorian Period Essay2488 Words   |  10 Pagestheir strength; women were labeled â€Å"frigid† for their lack of sexual appetite. In 1840, when it was discovered that female orgasm was not required for human reproduction, Dr. Acton made the deduction that female satisfaction was attained through â€Å"childbearing and domestic life† (Duby 339). Dr. Blackwell refuted Dr. Acton’s assertions. Girls, she pointed out, reached sexual awareness at about the age of thirteen, but did not marry until they reached their twenties. Dr. Blackwell explained how theirRead MoreSociological View On The Family2242 Words   |  9 PagesThis essay will discuss the different sociological views on the family such as the functionalist, conflict and finally the symbolic interactionist perspectives, it will include a critical evaluation on each perspective, with reference to the sociological canon. When discussing the family in a sociological context, there are numerous matters which are studied such as teenage childbearing, delinquency, abuse of substances, being a mother, domestic abuse, and divorce. As mentioned above the sociologyRead MoreFamily Decline vs Family Change3666 Words   |  15 Pagesis still going through the process of transformation, which introduces completely new phenomena to the Albanian society and changes the traditional relationships sometimes to the opposite. Hence my interest in this topic. And therefore I aim this essay to delineate the â€Å"family decline† versus â€Å"family change† debate and then to provide reasons, which will support my conclusion that the perspective of change is a better way to think about the family today. In order to present a clear distinctionRead MoreTeenage Pregnancy in Malaysia5374 Words   |  22 PagesThe structural functional approach is defined as a framework for building theory that sees society as a complex system whose parts work together to promote solidarity and stability. Emile Durkheim, one of the founders of sociology used what has been called an ‘organic metaphor’ for society. Durkheim said society is like a human body-one big thing made up of many smaller parts. Your body is made of many different systems (nervous system, respiratory system, digestive system) that are themselves madeRead MoreMr Benett and the Failures of Fatherhood8365 Words   |  34 Pagesattributing no theoretical to her work; she admitted preten having significance sions at all, claiming only accuracy and proportion and wit for her vir tues.1 once Despite again the her well-known of demurrers, subject in Jane I want Austens in this essay to raise canvass problem novels?to to social from a sociological point of view the nature of her response and economic in English society. My reason for sifting over the changes in the evidence is that I think an adjustment already finely groundRead MoreEssay The Future of Marriage in America9335 Words   |  38 Pageshttp://marriage.rutgers.edu/Publications/SOOU/TEXTSOOU2007.htm The State of Our Unions The Social Health of Marriage in America 2007 Essay: The Future of Marriage in America David Popenoe  © Copyright 2007 Introduction In this year’s essay, David Popenoe argues that long-term trends point to the gradual weakening of marriage as the primary social institution of family life. More Americans today are living together, marrying at older ages or not at all, and rearing children in cohabitingRead MoreFeminine Mystique12173 Words   |  49 PagesSupplemental Reading for US History 2 From Rosie to Lucy Questions students must answer in a 500-word (minimum) essay: 1) Describe the post-WWII frustrations felt by women such as Betty Friedan. 2) During the era of â€Å"Rosie the Riveter†, what gains did women make in the workforce? How did these women feel about themselves and their contributions? What did society as a whole think? 3) What role did mass media play during the 1950s and 1960s in regard to supporting or undermining the

Hip Hops Effect on American Culture Essay - 3346 Words

Hip hop has permeated popular culture in an unprecedented fashion. Because of its crossover appeal, it is a great unifier of diverse populations. Although created by black youth on the streets, hip hops influence has become well received by a number of different races in this country. A large number of the rap and hip hop audience is non-black. It has gone from the fringes, to the suburbs, and into the corporate boardrooms. Because it has become the fastest growing music genre in the U.S., companies and corporate giants have used its appeal to capitalize on it. Although critics of rap music and hip hop seem to be fixated on the messages of sex, violence, and harsh language, this genre offers a new paradigm of what can be (Lewis,†¦show more content†¦It began in the ?70s with funky beats resonating at house parties, at basement parties, and the streets of New York (Fernando, 1994.) In the early ?70s, a Jamaican d.j. known as Kool Herc moved from Kingston to NY?s West Bronx. He attempted to incorporate his Jamaican style of dj, which involved reciting improvised rhymes over the dub versions of his reggae records. Unfortunately New Yorkers were not into reggae at this time. Because of this, he adapted his style by chanting over instrumental percussion sections of the day?s popular songs. Since these breaks were relatively short, he learned to extend them indefinitely by using an audio mixer and two identical records in which he continuously replaced the desires segment. In those early days, young partygoers initially recited popular phrases and used the slang of the day. This would usually evoke a response from the crowd, who began to call out their own names and slogans. As this culture evolved, the party shouts became more elaborate as the dj, in an effort to be different, began to incorporate little rhymes. It was not long before people began drawing upon outdated dozens and schoolyard rhymes. Many would add their own twist and customize these rhymes to make them suitable for the party environment (George, 1998). At that time it was not yet known as ?rap? but called emceeing. As the interest in rap music grew, so did its message. Rap caught on becauseShow MoreRelatedWhat is Hip Hop?1057 Words   |  5 Pagesregarding the derogative nature of Hip-hop, One cannot downplay the cultural influences that hip-hop has impressed on the world. Merriam-Webster defines hip-hop as the stylized rhythmic music that commonly accompanies rap (citation). Although the conventional definition of hip-hop is generally correct, it does not adequately portray the gravity of the movement. Coined by the urban youth, Hip-hop has forced its way to the pinnacle of mainstream America. Hip-hop’s massive influence on the English languageRead MoreHip Hop as a Cultural Movement Essay2625 Words   |  11 PagesMay 14, 2010 Hip-hop as a Cultural Movement What first comes to mind nowadays when you hear the word ‘hip-hop’? Most people think of a gangster embellished in large diamonds, sporting baggy clothes, huge cars, all with a general disregard for the welfare of humanity. It wasn’t always like this: hip-hop was originally born as a recreational activity, used as an outlet to cope with poverty. The notion of hip-hop has clearly changed in a big way since the advent of hip-hop culture back in theRead MoreHip-Hop Essay938 Words   |  4 Pagesand Negatives of Hip-Hop In Geoffrey Bennett’s essay titled, â€Å"Hip-Hop: A Roadblock or Pathway to Black Empowerment,† he speaks about the positive and negative effects that hip-hop has on the Black Community. Bennett goes all the way to the beginning of hip-hop, which he says took place in the early 1980s with rappers such as Run DMC, Public Enemy, Sugar Hill Gang and many others. The author then speaks about how hip-hop grew not only in the young black African American culture but also in theRead MoreHip Hop Music Mirrors All Urban Society3453 Words   |  14 PagesHip Hop Music Mirrors All Urban Society From 1950 to the late 1980’s, social conflicts all over the world encouraged the success of Hip Hop due its ability to mirror the negative and positive aspects of society, and in doing this, the concept of Hip Hop’s real lyrics were very easily translated and adopted overseas. To understand Hip Hop’s ability to migrate around the world, it must be understood what Hip Hop was created out of. First, American Urban society, from the Civil Rights Era until nowRead More Music - The Hip-hop Movement Essay1650 Words   |  7 Pages- The Hip-hop Movement Hip-hop has become a new cultural phenomenon in North America and has become quite popular all over the world. Hip-hop began in the 1970s in New York City where it has its origins in the African-American community. However, because of music videos, Hip-hop culture has become accessible to everyone in society and has merged into mainstream pop culture. Hip-hop culture may not have been as popular if it was not for the accessibility of this new media. The Hip-hop movementRead MoreEssay about Hip Hop1101 Words   |  5 PagesHip-hop is known as a culture movement. Hip-hop is a pleasing art form, formed by African-Americans and Latinos in the late seventies. Its formation derives from a young generation of African-Americans in South Bronx, New York. They created a beautiful, complimentary expression of melody, skill and dance from an environment of poverty. Ever since it has encouraged people from all across the world. Hip-hop is discussed as an art form and not just flowing, it typically is meant to include the fourRead More Hip-Hop as a Cultural Movement Essay1570 Words   |  7 Pages Hip-Hop is a cultural movement that emerged from the dilapidated South Bronx, New York in the early 1970’s. The area’s mostly African American and Puerto Rican residents originated this uniquely American musical genre and culture that over the past four decades has developed into a global sensation impacting the formation of youth c ulture around the world. The South Bronx was a whirlpool of political, social, and economic upheaval in the years leading up to the inception of Hip-Hop. The early partRead MoreDon t Understand Hip Hop Music s Appeal And Why Youth901 Words   |  4 Pagesthat adults don’t understand hip hop music’s appeal and why youth listen to it (Taylor and Taylor 210). That claim, however, doesn’t have any substantial, credible, information to back it up. In fact, in a radio broadcast by Talk of the Nation, â€Å"A Look at Hip-Hop: Beyond Beats and Rhymes†, they discuss that one man as an adult listened to hip hop music as well, stating it was part of the urban culture and he loved listening to it, until he started learning about the effects it had on youth (â€Å"Look†, parRead MoreThe Hip Hop Culture Essay2107 Words   |  9 Pagesa tremendously significant role. Hip hop is a form of art which can be expressed through rap songs, break-dancing, and graffiti art. The culture has become so popular that it has entered today’s fashion and modern language. Hip hop music is an extremely large part of today’s generation and a global genre, which influences the generation all over the world. The culture has entered everywhere from TV commercials to toys, video games, and also fashion industry. â€Å"Hip hop has been America’s most wantedRead MoreMusic Has Been A Form Of Self Expression1292 Words   |  6 Pages Research Paper For thousands of years, music has been a form of self-expression that has united groups of people through its historical and traditional meaning. In the 1980’s, a new, more diverse genre took over the music industry by storm., Hip-Hop/Rap. This contemporary genre has raised much controversy over the years from parents, educators, and conservatives. These groups worry that Rap music glorifies negative lifestyle choices such as drugs, violence, sex and gangs; and those lyrics’

John Knowle’s A Separate Peace Essay Example For Students

John Knowle’s A Separate Peace Essay John Knowle’s A Separate Peace is novel that focuses in on characters and their reaction to the world around them. Since the book was written in the forties the reader knows that the backdrop is WWII. The author uses the backdrop of war to show how young boys develop bonds of friendship. So, therefor, the two themes of war and friendship are intertwined throughout the novel. One major theme that Knowles uses is friendship, a friend is someone that you have personal regard for, and in this novel the two characters that experience the bond of friendship are Gene and Finny. Throughout the novel Gene and Finny are searching for their own needs, but for that they are drawn to each other. So, they sought out each other to fill their void. As the events unfold their bond is put to the test. For example, one true test to see if their bond would last was when Finny was pushed out of the tree by Gene and broke his leg. Their attachment was strong because of the trust and loyalship they shared. Not only were these boys’ friends but they were friends of each other’s classmates. For insistence, the reader can see that friendship does develop when Gene is asked by Lepper to come done because he escaped. Leppers trust toward Gene is shown especially because Gene understands his emotional state. However all of these boys are drawn to each other because of the fo! rces surrounding them. So, for Gene and Finny, unlike Lepper, they realize their dependency on each other. Thus their friendship would not have evolved if it were not for war. Both Gene and Finny experienced an inner and outer war. Internally the protagonists are searching for their own separate peace, and that is found At Devon Prep. School. There they are safe from the harsh external around them. Unfortunately the war becomes a reality when Lepper enlist. Before that all they saw about war was newsreels and pictures in the newspaper, and it didn’t seem so real. However, when Lepper enlist it becomes clear that war is inevitable for them. Additionally, the boys experience war when they play Blitz Ball because they work as indivisual units like in war. Like wise, then Lepper and Finny become the causalities of war. Through fate and error each was lead to disaster, for Finny it was death, while for Lepper it was Temporary insanity. With their experience at Devon the boys realize that death and disaster are real, then war must be real as well. So in the beginning of the novel the characters romanticized about war, but now they have dreaded it because! it has become a reality. John Knowles carefully intertwines the themes of war and friendship carefully for the reader. Without the settings of war these boys would not have been as significant. In peace times friendships would not have as many rough edges. So throughout the war the boys realize what friendship is really about. They come to terms with trust, confidence and loyalty and these are emotions that are learned by experience of being together. Thus in searching for each separate peace, they found not only those, but a bond of friendship that can not be broken, not even by death.

Family System in Pakistan free essay sample

Family system in Pakistan Generally, family system in every country will vary depending upon their culture and style of living. If you are dearly interested to know the family system in Pakistan, then continue reading to know the crispy information! Here, people conceive the traditional and cultural family values and they give good respect considering them as divinity and sacredness. Urban family system has been developed as nuclear family system, due to the socioeconomic confinements inflicted by the customary joint family system.In Pakistan, the joint family system is quite usually found. Joint family usually comprises father, mother, children, grand father and mother, and they live together with their people in the same family unit. Moreover, the governing male of the house will play a significant role with respect to the well-being of his family unit. Also, they give a good care and take the responsibility to guard their grandparents. Above all, they respect their folks and grandparents! People in Pakistan dearly follow the joint family system and live their life along with their folks. We will write a custom essay sample on Family System in Pakistan or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Conversely in the recent years, urbanization has directed to the alterations and amendments in the existing family system, in larger cities. Moreover, the realism of urbanization will make the social units living together to get less exerted and large nuclear group. This method of practice will commonly be practiced and determined in developing countries. As known well that Karachi is the biggest city in Pakistan, the city has observed and on-looked the most avid impingement of urbanization.Also, people can clearly get to know and study the comparable variations in the family system. When considering the elder people in Pakistan, they usually stick with their offspring or grandchildren to get a complete support and care. They rely and depend on their people to get their assistance and support in all aspects such as physical, social and financial wellbeing. Giving physical and emotional support is quite usual in joint family system! It has been declared that urbanization will probably dilapidate and crumble the family care to their elder people. Moreover, urbanization will also drop-off the care of the growing children with their elders. The situation will become really troublesome for the elder people living in a nuclear family. Elder people can live without any troubles or risk, when they reside in a joint family. Individuals who closely stick in joint family will respect their elders and give them support in all possible ways. Joint family is absolutely good as living separate without your people will bring quite several difficulties.Urbanization and its growth tend to promote the growth of the nuclear family and moreover it abates the care and support to the elder people in the family. People in Pakistan are greatly trilingual and most of the people living here are Muslims. They give much respect to their customs and traditions and they closely follow the worth-taking family values. You could see most people living as joint family group along with their people and folks, whereas some other group of people lives as nuclear family. People living as nuclear family will take care of their spouse and offset.

Time Of Change Essays - Beowulf, Geats, English-language Films

Time Of Change The amount of bravery and courage displayed by Beowulf in his fights with three different fiends surpasses that of most. Victories over his enemies demand massive power and strength, traits only evident in Beowulf. Each battle appears similar to the others in that Beowulf succeeds in killing his enemy, yet differences exist between the three confrontations. Each of the three battles differs from one another in the preparation leading in to the fight, the means of warfare, and its effect on Beowulf. The preparations made by Beowulf before each of his battles includes different strategies and plots. In preparing for his first battle, Beowulf lures the wretched monster Grendel in to Hrothgars hall. In order to direct Grendel into a favorable location for the fight, Beowulf sacrifices a Geat soldier. A helpless, despairing soldier perished when, Grendel snatched at the first Geat he came to, ripped him apart, cut his body to bits with powerful jaws, drank the blood from his veins and bolted him down, hands and feet (739). Prior to the clash, Beowulf calculated the importance of good fighting grounds. This brutal sacrifice granted Beowulf a favorable location to attack Grendel. To prepare for the battle with Grendels mother, Beowulf armored himself with chain mail and trudged out to the marsh of Grendels mothers residence. He ventured to find the greedy she-wolf whod ruled those waters for half a hundred years (1511). Rather than allowing Grendels mother to search for him, Beowulf s plashed down into the water with fearful Geats looking on. Beowulf chose to attack Grendels mother, opposed to allowing her come to him. A more aggressive approach gave him an early advantage in the fight. Old age crept up on Beowulf, the most experienced warrior of all, yet he placed aside his age and pronounced he would battle The Dragon, with his sights set on winning treasure. These fortunes included those discovered at Sutton Hoo, which were a helmet, gold coins and silver bowls (Sutton Hoo 34). Beowulfs courage and valor surface when he says, Ive never known fear; as a youth I fought in endless battles. I am old, now, but I will fight again, seek fame still, if the dragon hiding in his tower dares to face me (2511). Death seemed a likely possibility for Beowulf in the confrontation with The Dragon. This dual presented him with three main threats. In the Anglo-Saxon work The Seafarer, the old sailor identified these three threats when he says, No man has ever faced the dawn cer tain which of Fates three threats would fall: illness, or age, or an enemys sword, snatching the life from this soul (Seafarer 68). Knowing this battle would be the toughest he had ever faced, Beowulf prepared himself with armor, a shield, and a sword. The challenge of The Dragon surpassed any other previously presented to Beowulf; therefore weapons and protection were necessary. Each fight involving Beowulf saw him presented with different problems and challenges, therefore preparation for these fights altered between each. The means and methods of warfare differ in the battles involving Beowulf. In the fight with Grendel, Beowulf insisted on using no weapons other than his bare hands. Beowulfs mentality becomes evident when he says, This fiend is a bold and famous fighter, but his claws and teeth scratching my shield, his clumsy fists beating at my sword blade, would be helpless. I will meet him with my hands empty (679). Beowulf takes pride in winning fair battles. Using weapons would, in his mind, give him an unfair advantage against the man-eating beast, thus making a victory dishonorable. The means of warfare in the clash between Beowulf and Grendels mother involved weapons, rather than sheer power. Grendels mother uses swords, and Beowulf uses chain mail and a helmet to protect himself. Beowulf swung his sword, his ring-marked blade, straight at her head; then iron sang its fierce song, sang Beowulfs strength (1543). Battling Grendels mother required much more protection than fighting her son, due to her immense strength and power. Even the sharpest and most deadly of Beowulfs weapons failed to penetrate the hide of her neck. The means of warfare used by The Dragon and Beowulf in

Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) - Definition

Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) - Definition Analysis of Variance, or ANOVA for short, is a statistical test that looks for significant differences between means on a particular measure. For example, say you are interested in studying the education level of athletes in a community, so you survey people on various teams. You start to wonder, however, if the education level is different among the different teams. You could use an ANOVA to determine if the mean education level is different among the softball team versus the rugby team versus the Ultimate Frisbee team. Key Takeaways: Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) Researchers conduct an ANOVA when they are interested in determining whether two groups differ significantly on a particular measure or test.There are four basic types of ANOVA models: one-way between groups, one-way repeated measures, two-way between groups, and two-way repeated measures.Statistical software programs can be used to make conducting an ANOVA easier and more efficient. ANOVA Models There are four types of basic ANOVA models (although it is also possible to conduct more complex ANOVA tests as well). Following are descriptions and examples of each. One-way between groups ANOVA A one-way between groups ANOVA is used when you want to test the difference between two or more groups. The example above, of education level among different sports teams, would be an example of this type of model. It is called a one-way ANOVA because there is only one variable (type of sport played) that is being used to divide participants into different groups. One-way repeated measures ANOVA If you are interested in assessing a single group at more than one time point, you should use a one-way repeated measures ANOVA. For example, if you wanted to test students’ understanding of a subject, you could administer the same test at the beginning of the course, in the middle of the course, and at the end of the course. Conducting a one-way repeated measures ANOVA would allow you to find out whether the students’ test scores changed significantly from the beginning to the end of the course. Two-way between groups ANOVA Imagine now that you have two different ways in which you want to group your participants (or, in statistical terms, you have two different independent variables). For example, imagine you were interested in testing whether test scores differed between student athletes and non-athletes, as well as for freshmen versus seniors. In this case, you would conduct a two-way between groups ANOVA. You would have three effects from this ANOVA- two main effects and an interaction effect. The main effects are the effect of being an athlete and the effect of class year. The interaction effect looks at the impact of both being an athlete and class year. Each of the main effects is a one-way test. The interaction effect is simply asking if the two main effects impact each other: for example, if student athletes scored differently than non-athletes did, but this was only the case when studying freshmen, there would be an interaction between class year and being an athlete. Two-way repeated measures ANOVA If you want to look at how different groups change across time, you can use a two-way repeated measures ANOVA. Imagine you’re interested in looking at how test scores change across time (as in the example above for a one-way repeated measures ANOVA). However, this time you’re also interested in assessing gender as well. For example, do males and females improve their test scores at the same rate, or is there a gender difference? A two-way repeated measures ANOVA can be used to answer these types of questions. Assumptions of ANOVA The following assumptions exist when you perform an analysis of variance: The expected values of the errors are zero.The variances of all errors are equal to each other.The errors are independent from one another.The errors are normally distributed. How an ANOVA is Done The mean is calculated for each of your groups. Using the example of education and sports teams from the introduction in the first paragraph above, the mean education level is calculated for each sports team.The overall mean is then calculated for all of the groups combined.Within each group, the total deviation of each individual’s score from the group mean is calculated. This tells us whether the individuals in the group tend to have similar scores or whether there is a lot of variability between different people in the same group. Statisticians call this within group variation.Next, how much each group mean deviates from the overall mean is calculated. This is called between group variation.Finally, an F statistic is calculated, which is the ratio of between group variation to the within group variation. If there is significantly greater between group variation than within group variation (in other words, when the F statistic is larger), then it is likely that the difference between the groups is statistically significant. Statistical software can be used to calculate the F statistic and determine whether it is significant or not. All types of ANOVA follow the basic principles outlined above. However, as the number of groups and the interaction effects increase, the sources of variation will become more complex. Performing an ANOVA Because conducting an ANOVA by hand is a time-consuming process, most researchers use statistical software programs when they are interested in conducting an ANOVA. SPSS can be used to conduct ANOVAs, as can R, a free software program. In Excel, you can do an ANOVA by using the Data Analysis Add-on. SAS, STATA, Minitab, and other  statistical software programs  that are equipped for handling bigger and more complex data sets can also be used to perform an ANOVA. References Monash University. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). csse.monash.edu.au/~smarkham/resources/anova.htm

Service Quality and Operations (A REPORT) Essay

Service Quality and Operations (A REPORT) - Essay Example Marriott Hotel Empire which started as a small company in 1927 in Washington D.C. by John Marriot of Utah. But due to its consistent efforts, today this company is serving in 67 countries and has about 3150 lodging properties. Different operation strategies, marketing strategies, maintenance of quality, employee empowerment and customer satisfaction are the key points that have enabled the success of this organization. Marriot has adopted a rigorous marketing policy, where this company is catering almost all market segments, i.e. it is not only allocating the high class but also deals with business class and the lower class. According to the research conducted in 2008, this company had built its strong network with its suppliers, customers and employees. it has also build a strong sense of teamwork among employees, maintained a positive and supportive management style. They believe customers as their guests and due to this they have enforced strict quality measures and strict quality control on all its hotels and motels. Kandampully et al. (2001) reported in his book that J.W. Marriott himself stated a philosophy in treating employees in the following statement, i.e. â€Å"take care of your employee and they will take care of you†. Every company whether it belongs to a manufacturing industry or a service sector has to carry out daily operations and transactions. Due to this operational management is extremely important OPERATIONAL MANAGEMENT Not just Marriott but there are basic ten main tasks or critical decisions that every company, manager and an employee has to undertake in order to effectively manage operations. In the book by Henzer & Render (2006) mentioned the operations management ten strategic decisions, such as; service and product design, quality management, process and capacity design, location, layout design, human resource and job design, supply chain management,

Conduct a critical examination and discussion of the Assignment

Conduct a critical examination and discussion of the Marketing-Entrepreneurship interface and the proposed use of Entrepreneurial Marketing within small firms - Assignment Example These challenges include constraints such as financial, marketing, management, customer services and so on. Furthermore, Day and Reynolds, (2011) makes recommendations that in order to increase the survival rate of new and other small business, these businesses shall give considerable attention to the Entrepreneurial Marketing. Entrepreneurial Marketing as a system has evolved to reduce the gap between the resources and capabilities required for employing traditional marketing tactics and the constraint resources of the new venture (Collinson & Shaw, 2001). According to Morris et al. (2002) Entrepreneurial Marketing is a system through which the new business ventures attempts to exploit the opportunities proactively, that enables the business to serve the new customers and retaining profitable ones with ideas that have not been presented yet to the market. This proactive system of value creation also allows the small ventures for risk management by effectively and efficiently managing limited resources accordingly. Therefore, with the EM the entrepreneurs do not only rely on basic marketing of four Ps but also at the same time give consideration to the innovative ideas that rejuvenate the concept to the target customers. In addition to this, it also implies that small business shall have considered all per spective that reduces the risk of doing business (Hills, Hultman, & Miles, 2008). For example, Dindin Kitchen is among the recently opened restaurants in London. The food industry in London is highly mature and competitive; therefore, small business with the idea to enter the restaurant industry differentiated its business offering with the Persian cuisine. With a limited budget, the business not only offered the differentiated idea, but also the limited offerings in order to explore the market response. Additionally, the one pager website as well as the social media account have been used which is as

Emerging Business Themes Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words - 2

Emerging Business Themes - Essay Example It has a more than 7,500 restaurants in the United States and over 5,600 restaurants in 97 countries. (Yum! Brands, 2009). Social Media is defined as "a group of Internet-based applications that are build on the ideological and technological foundations of Web 2.0, and that allow the creation and exchange of user-generated content† (Kaplan Andreas M., 2010) . Pizza Hut, which started spreading as a franchise restaurant has evolved over a period of time keeping pace with the latest developments. Needless to say, that its diverse delivery format required huge investment in technology. Now, it is also investing in Social Media technology to keep up with its customers like many other ‘brands [which] are rushing to keep up with consumer behavior’ (Peter Kim, 2009). Pizza Hut is still testing grounds when it comes to social media technology. To find out what the customers want to hear, they engage in conversations with customers over the social media sites. It has initiated various campaigns targeted at increasing its online presence. It has marked its presence on Facebook and Twitter and is offering ‘hot’ deals to the users of these websites. However, a well defined marketing strategy regarding its social media networking is yet not in place. Pizza Hut has set its communication goals as – 1) giving people an engaging and fun way to find news and information from Pizza Hut, and 2) creating two-way relationships with our customers, built on trusted conversation. (Fuller, 2009) Probably its communication goals led Pizza Hut to announce its intention to hire an intern for managing its Twitter account. Although this piece of news was intended to establish camaraderie with the generation using Twitter, it gathered a lot of criticism from marketing gurus who thought it was a bad idea to let an intern handle an international brand on an international platform. (Evans, 2009) While social media technologies represent exciting new opportunities for

Early History Of Public Health Health And Social Care Essay

Early History Of Public Health Health And Social Care Essay Contemporary public health has evolved through various historical stages. Its development as a discipline has been shaped throughout many years from the ancient times to the present day and different pioneers from different countries tremendously contributed to its historical evolution. Furthermore, public health evolution has been marked by several changes since its inception and these changes were influenced by the newly developed ideas and scientific evidences for the purpose of improving the health of the population (Porter, 1994). The essay here, in its first part, will attempt to discuss in more details the most important changes that public health has undergone in the course of its evolution and why these changes occurred. In the second part, the explicit meaning of essential components of public health will be discussed and the way these should be achieved will be proposed throughout. MOST IMPORTANT CHANGES IN THE HISTORY OF PUBLIC HEALTH AND REASONS FOR THESE CHANGES Throughout human race history, health problems have existed and have been concerned mainly with community well-being. Most of these health problems were mostly caused by communicable diseases related to poor physical environment, insufficiency supply of water and food of good quality and poor provision of medical care. Interventions to cope with the above health issues have changed over time but closely linked and this led to what is known today as modern public health (Rosen, 1993, p.1). 1.1. Early history of public health Available literature demonstrates that there are evidences of activities associated with the improvement of community health that have existed from the ancient times. Rosen (1993:1) outlines that, in the north India some 4000 years ago, archaeological findings have shown that there has been a developed urban planning system with great sanitation and housing. He further adds that other evidences have shown, in other Asian countries, that the same system was largely developed mostly in Egypt to mention but a few. Apart from the above earliest development, public health continued its evolution over the centuries pioneered by several authors among them Hippocrates. This honored Greek physician, also known as the father of medicine because of his commendable contribution on the practice of medical ethics for physicians demonstrated how proper diet, fresh air, a moderate climate and attention to lifestyle and living conditions were important for healthy living (Schneider Lilienfeld, 2008:5). Later on, other societies inspired by the Greek civilisation, as it is the case for the Romans, continued to develop water and sanitation infrastructure and healthcare system. Schneider and Lilienfeld, (2008:5) reported that, further to the public health systems that were just introduced, Romans put in place governmental administration systems to overseeing the initiated changes. However, these early public health initiatives did not benefit all the population; vulnerable groups like slaves and those living in poverty did not have access to the safe drinking water and adequate sanitation and continuously suffered high rate of diseases as it is now noted in some parts of the world (Schneider Lilienfeld, 2008:5). 1.2. Middle Ages After these early development of public health, came the Medieval Ages (500-1500 A.D.) that were characterised by a decline of the Greco-Roman powers due to disintegration from within and invasions from outside that destroyed public health infrastructure(Rosen,1993:26). During this period, health problems were thought to be having spiritual causes and the remedy as well. This belief was shared by both pagans and Christians. It was believed, for Christians, that there was a link between sin and the occurrence of disease and the latter was considered to be a punishment (Rosen, 1993:26). Biological and physical environment as the main factors in transmissible disease causation were ignored and this was the main implication of the spiritualism during this era and as a result it was difficult to control the epidemics that erupted leaving millions of people dead and others suffering from their sequels (International Health Sciences University, 2012). Rosen (1993:35) states that the 2 devastating epidemics that may be considered which prevailed during this time are the Plague of Justinian and the Black Death in 543 and 1348 respectively. Moreover, other outbreaks between the above 2 dates ravaged Europe and other regions around Mediterranean Sea notably but not exhaustively: leprosy, smallpox, diphtheria, measles, tuberculosis, and scabies. Causes of these epidemics were not identified yet but it was thought that poor living conditions were highly associated. After these horrific epidemics occurrence, various measures were put in place in Europe cities to fight against them and consequently improve public health. Establishment of butcheries and regulation about livestock possession, regulation of food at public market, food preservation and garbage disposal are the measures that proved to be effective in preventing disease transmission from animals to people or between people. Additionally, food preservation regulation played a key role in prevention of food borne diseases from damaged and expired food (International Health Sciences University, 2011). 1.3. Renaissance Era The development of public health did not stop in Middle Ages. The followed period of renaissance (1500-1700 of Christian era) was marked by a rejection of older theories. However, the old theories helped in developing new ones. Spiritual theory about the cause of disease started to be doubtful as epidemics killed both sinners and saints. Environmental factors were uncovered to be the leading cause in the development of infectious diseases. Further critical observations of sick people, signs and symptoms they presented have shown that various illnesses were distinctly separate (International Health Sciences University, 2012). It is worth to note that, during renaissance era, various authors brought new discoveries in the development of public health. Rosen (1993) reported that the Italian Giolamo Fracastoro brought in the theory of contagion where he showed the role of microorganisms in infectious diseases development and the way the communicable diseases are transmitted. The Dutchman Anton von Leeuwenhoek, the inventor of microscope, was the first man to confirm that the theory Giolamo Fracastoro developed was probably true after his observation of microbes agents. Indeed, the contribution of other authors (Petty, John Graunt and Gottfried Achenwall) in this important era of public health evolution was significant. They introduced the concept of measurement in public health to quantify health problems like calculations of mortality, life expectancy and fertility (Rosen, 1993). Despite this new era of rethinking and developing new ideas about public health, some diseases like malaria, smallpox and plague continued ravaging and killing many people in some European countries. Also, travels and movements between urban and rural areas dominated this era, explaining the spread of these illnesses to other areas causing suffering to their inhabitants. 1.4. The enlightenment epoch This is the period from 1750 to mid-nineteenth century (Encyclopedia of Public Health, 2002).The enlightenment era is considered to be the era where public health discipline has known tremendous progress. Rosen (1993) states that enlightenment era was seen as pivotal in the development of public health. Industrial development was the main turning point during this era. Likewise, social and political development has remarkably had a great impact on societal transformation and the knowledge about the way communicable diseases are spread has increasingly improved. (Encyclopedia of Public Health, 2002). Despite the remarkable changes, it is stated that health conditions were still demanding due to the great number of people moving towards industrial areas in the cities, poor sanitation system and insufficiency in clean water supply. Additionally, working conditions were not conducive for those mainly working in mines and factories. All of these factors largely contributed to the spread of diseases (Rosen, 1993). In England, Edwin Chadwick demonstrated the reality of poverty disease cycle and attempted to measure the association between poverty and disease. Also, Chadwick linked the disease with environmental factors. His report The Report of a General Plan for the Promotion of Public and Personal Health (1850) attracted attention and is considered by many as one of the important documents of modern public health (Encyclopedia of Public Health, 2002). Chadwicks evidences were later proved by John Snows work during the famous 1848 London cholera outbreak where he identified that the contamination of water pump was the probable origin of the epidemic (International Health Sciences University, 2012). Towards 19th century, new discoveries in bacteriology emerged. The great work of the Frenchman Luis Pasteur collaboratively with other scientists showed that micro-organisms were responsible of diseases occurrence thus proving to be false the theory of spontaneous generation developed before; henceforth the germ theory was born. Later on, the Germany Robert Koch proved that one micro-organism causes specific disease (International Health Sciences University, 2012). Following these remarkable findings, some medicaments were developed including some disinfectants which became popular in medical practice and as a result, mortality and morbidity rates declined significantly. Additionally, the identification of microbes as causative agents of diseases resulted in an establishment of immunology as a science and subsequently the vaccines were developed (International Health Sciences University, 2012). 1.5. Twentieth Century Early on, decrease in mortality and morbidity rate was significant following the bacteriology emergence in later 19th Century. On the other hand, serious health problems did not disappear; infant mortality among others. It is reported that, for the time being, in Europe and in the United States of America health programs for improving maternal and child health were developed (Encyclopedia of Public Health, 2002). Academic programs in public health were developed, given the growing scope and complexity of public health problems, to deal with research issues and to train public health personnel. Health organisations agencies and charities were established in tackling public health concerns for particular groups of population (Rosen, 1993). Later on in twentieth century, expansion of public health roles continued and its horizon broadened. However, 1920s and early 1930s saw a slow development of public health. There was a decline in disease prevalence as a result of establishment of sanitary measures. In the aftermath of World War II, there was an increasing growth of health infrastructure in the curative field but little attention was paid to planning 1960s and early 1970s marked what was named period of social engineering. The main characteristic of this period was the economic growth chiefly in the United States of America but part of the population were medically uncovered (International Health Sciences University, 2012). Later 1970s to 1980s, health promotion initiatives, eradication of certain diseases that ravaged the world before and the emergence of new infectious disease were making headlines. Encyclopedia of public health (2002) states that the emergence of Human Immunodeficiency Virus infection, use of addictive drugs and air pollution were the main preoccupations of World Health Organisation and other international agencies. Conclusion As a final point, it is obvious that public health as a discipline has its own history which evolved over time from the early history of human race till today. The focus of public health enlarged as time advanced as health problems. At the same time, the future of public health will be and will remain of an utmost importance in solving populations health where everyone is invited to play his/her active role. MEANING OF ESSENTIAL PUBLIC HEALTH COMPONENTS AND THE WAY THEY SHOULD BE ACHIEVED 2.1. Collective responsibility for health and the major role of the state in protecting and promoting health Health sector is the main sector that deals with the health of populations. However, this does not mean that its activities are the only concerned with the promotion of community health. World Health Organisation (2013) states that the health of populations is determined not only by the health sector but also by social and economic factors, and henceforth, policies and other actions other than of those of health sector. In developing health policies, governments should work collaboratively with other sectors involved in development process such as finance, education, agriculture, environment, housing and transport to see how their planning can reach their objectives while also improving health. Also, this intersectoral partnership helps in tackling other health related issues such as those activities that pollute environment or promote those activities aimed at having access to quality education or gender equality. 2.2. Focus on the whole population Public health activities are intended to promote the health of the whole population rather than individuals health. According to Riegelman (2010) the first thing to come to mind, in public health, is the health of the community and the society in general. Indeed, in public health the activities to improve the health are no longer individual-centered but rather population-centered. To achieve this, collaboration between all development sectors is needed given the wide view of public health. The involvement of all development actors is seen as a comprehensive way of thinking about the scope of public health and it is an evidence-based approach for the analysis of health determinants and illnesses. This leads to evidence-based interventions to protect and improve health (Riegelman, 2010). 2.3. Emphasis upon prevention Prevention constitutes a key component of public health practice. It has been said that prevention is better than cure; this statement shows how much prevention activities are of a paramount importance in public health. Health promotion and disease prevention activities play a key role in tackling health problems that the community faces which, in many cases, are preventable (World Health Organisation, 2002). Strategies for prevention that aim to alleviate the risk factors by promoting healthy behaviours and reducing dangerous exposures need a collaboration between government and different stakeholders and active participation of the population(World Health Organisation,2002). 2.4. Recognizing underlying socio-economic determinants of health and disease Socioeconomic determinants with other determinants of health (biological, environment, culture, personal behaviour, living and working conditions) mostly influence the health status of population. Further, these health determinants may interact with other factors for better or worse. Importantly, socioeconomic factors are thought to be major determinants of health. Washington State Department of Health (2007) reports that Health impacts associated with lower socioeconomic position accumulate and persist throughout the lifespan. The partnership between public health professionals, community, nongovernmental organisations and governmental institutions is a major force to fix this issue (Washington State Department of Health, 2007). 2.5. Partnership with the population served The collaboration with the community in addressing health issues is a core part of health promotion activities. Declaration of Alma Ata (1978) claims that the maximum involvement of community and individual self-reliance and the active participation in planning, organisation, operation and control of primary healthcare are the basis of success in health promotional activities. Therefore, policies, strategies and plan of action should be established by the government to ensure that primary healthcare is launched and sustained as a core part of health system in partnership with other sectors. 2.6. Multidisciplinary basis Multidisciplinary feature of public health is unquestionable. According to Tzenalis Sotiriadou (2010:50), the engagement of various stakeholders in the task of improving health of population shows that promoting health does not belong to one group of professionals or sector of health services. The joint action from various professional groups at every level is reported to be effective and recommended in providing health promotion services (Solheim, Memory Kimm 2007 cited in Tzenalis Sotiriadou, 2010). Conclusion Altogether, the above described core components of modern public demonstrate how much wide the discipline of public health is. The active participation of all involved stakeholders is the key towards the success of public health practice.

Plutarchs Aims and Achievements as a Biographer Essay -- English Lite

A critical study of a significant aspect or aspects of Plutarch's aims and achievements as a biographer -To what extent does Plutarch achieve his aims for the lives of Marius and Caesar? We are able to establish Plutarch's aims in creating his biographies by looking at his background and influences. Plutarch was born in Greece to a wealthy established family. He was well educated, studying rhetoric in Athens, and then travelled to Rome where he established connections with some important political figures. Despite being an outsider (a Greek), Plutarch accepted Roman aristocratic tradition as well as the moralising of some key Roman figures. This is reflected in the 'Lives' which in effect provide moral guidelines, prescribing how one should live a virtuous life. He viewed himself as an artist or moraliser rather than a historian, believing, "It is not so much history that we are writing but lives."[1] Plutarch was deeply into the platonic approach to ethics, and therefore was also influenced by Socrates. Plato was a pupil of Socrates who claimed that the most important thing in life was to know how one should live; an emphasis on moral conduct was therefore passed down to Plutarch. He is fascinated not only by great deeds and battles but, "often a little matter, like a saying or a joke,"[2] which can be more revealing in terms of character and virtue. Plato's philosophy was about the search for absolute standards of truth and moral certainty and almost all of his works are about ethics, or moral philosophy. His aim was therefore to create a, "revelation of virtue or vice,"[3] intending to "shape the life of each man"[4] in terms of moral not financial or political stature, and hopes the reader gains... ...against him but achieved less (although still a few) of his aims in the 'Life of Caesar'. --------------------------------------------------------------------- [1] Plutarch, Fall of the Roman Republic, Alexander, 1.1-3, Penguin [2] Plutarch, Alexander, 1.1-3, [3] Plutarch, Alexander, 1.1-3, [4] Plutarch, Alexander, 1.1-3, [5] Russell, p105 [6] Russell, Plutarch quote, p80 [7] Plutarch, Alexander, 1.1-3 [8] Plutarch, Marius [3] [9] Plutarch, Marius [7] [10] Plutarch, Marius [9] [11] Plutarch, Marius [2,5] [12] Plutarch, Marius [10] [13] Plutarch, Marius [45] [14] Plutarch, Marius [46] [15] Plutarch, Marius [7] [16] Plutarch, Marius notes by Robin Seager [17] Plutarch, Alexander, 1.1-3 [18] Plutarch, Marius [6] [19] Plutarch, Marius [46] [20] Plutarch, Caesar [1] [21] Cicero [22] Plutarch, Caesar [69]

Reflective Essay on Students with Disabilities

In a presentation about parents and families of students with disabilities, the Riley family came up and shared their experiences about living with Catherine, a woman who has Down syndrome. The three presenters who shared were Molly, Nola, and Catherine. Molly, who is Catherine’s older sister, talked about what it was like growing up together with Catherine and how it affected her life. Nola, Catherine’s mother, told what it was like bringing and raising a child with Down syndrome in this world. Catherine also shared a bit about her life and how she has been successful despite having a disability.Molly and Catherine are sisters who spent their childhood growing up together. With Molly being only sixteen months older than Catherine, they were very close. They even shared a room together for eighteen years of their life. Molly always made sure that her and Catherine had the typical sister relationship growing up. They did everything together and had the same friends. Cath erine was expected to fit in with everyone, and not be given excuses. Molly was always a competitive sister which had Catherine constantly working to get an edge.This relationship between Molly and Catherine not only strengthened the bond, but also helped the family. With Molly helping Catherine achieve a normal life, this helped Nola out as a mother. Nola a mother of three children, who worked as a teacher for thirty-five years, always had her hands full. She was never too shy to ask people for help, with regard to Catherine, that provided help, guidance, and support. With physical therapy Catherine was able to learn the things that her sister Molly and brother John were able to do. Besides that, Nola said that the three kids lived a normal life and all grew up just fine.Nola learned and taught her family to be patient, help each other, to take pleasure in their 3 accomplishments, to encourage each other, to have fun, and to truly be a family. Being a teacher gave Nola an advantage as she always fought for anything that would benefit Catherine in her education. Nola had Catherine put into speech therapy which made a great difference in Catherine’s life, as she can now speak clearly with little difficulty. Everything Nola did for Catherine was to benefit her in anyway and help keep her leading as normal of a life as possible.Catherine went above and beyond that as she has excelled in many aspects of her life. Catherine has spent her whole life with Down syndrome yet did not let it slow her down and affect how she lived her life. Her family never held her back or kept her from doing the things she wanted to do. Her sister always had that tough love for Catherine which always forced Catherine to do better and develop just like any normal sibling would. She always had the support of her family while still being independent, which allowed her to grow and develop into who she is today.Catherine has been leading a successful life, doing many things even the a verage woman her age would not be doing. She is employed as an elementary inclusion aid in the Hazelton Area School District where she has worked since graduating there in 1995. Catherine has belonged to a gym for fifteen years where she does things like cardio, kickboxing, and circuit training exercises. She always strives to eat healthy and maintain a good diet. Her hobbies include poetry, journaling, aerobics, computer, travel, reading, and dancing. Catherine belongs to a local church where she helps out at church functions and serves on the parish.All of these activities and things Catherine does in her life help her not only achieve normalcy 4 in life but success. Her life is probably more active and outgoing than most people her age which makes it even more of an accomplishment for Catherine. I personally was inspired by this presentation and thought it was a real eye opener. I have gone through life thinking people with Down syndrome can not achieve the same things that peopl e without a disability can and that’s just not true. Catherine has proved that she can do anything she wants and can lead a normal life just like anyone else.In fact she probably is more active and outgoing than most women her age are. Also I thought that the presentation really showed that people with disabilities need to be given every opportunity, if not more, to help them succeed in life. Society should not hold them back or limit them just because they have a disability. People with disabilities can lead a normal and great life just like everyone else. This is proved by Catherine, who has developed into the woman she is today, a successful, loving, and friendly woman who just happens to have a disability.

Reconstruction Example

Reconstruction Example Reconstruction – Coursework Example Reconstruction During the Reconstruction, Radical Republicans’ main vision was to rebuild and transform the South throughrejoining all the states in a peaceful manner. They sought to introduce military governors as a replacement of confederate leaders and stop their political life. Another vision was to empower Black people through offering them land and education. White supremacy guided Andrew Johnson’s view of the Reconstruction. He saw confederate leaders as the cause of the war, rather than the entire South. The Radical Republican proposed tougher measures for the loyalty oath. Johnson prohibited laws that protected Blacks but Congress disapproved his proposals. Before the Reconstruction, Blacks had virtually no rights. During the Reconstruction, they had some basic rights based on the 13th Amendment. After the Reconstruction, military governors abolished Black codes and they later became citizens with civil rights. African Americans were not only allowed to vote, b ut they also contested public offices. They diversified their interests and the government became more integrated, albeit briefly. The 13th, 14th and 15th Amendment promoted the civil rights of Blacks and led to some changes in governance. The laws declared everybody born in the US a citizen of the country and his or her respective state. Black families that had separated during the war reunited, and they were allowed to legalize their marriage unions. States were denied the power to deny rights or fail to offer equal protection. In addition, confederates were removed from office, as Blacks became empowered. Largely, they sought to present Blacks with equal opportunities accorded to Whites. The results of the Reconstruction had mixed results, but it largely yielded positive results, such as quelling the debate of states’ rights vs. federalism.

To What Extent Was the Decline of the Staple Industries Essay Example

To What Extent Was the Decline of the Staple Industries Essay Example To What Extent Was the Decline of the Staple Industries Essay To What Extent Was the Decline of the Staple Industries Essay To what extent was the decline of the staple industries the most significant development affecting the people of Wales and England 1880 – 1929? The decline of the staple industries was a very significant development in people’s lives. Before the decline of the staple industries, Britain was known as the â€Å"workshop of the world† this was due to the fact that Britain producing 2/3 of the worlds coal, 50% of the worlds iron and 5/7 of all the worlds’ metal. This all changed when countries like Germany and the US used cheaper methods of extracting and producing these resources that Britain’s buyers looked else wear, the decline of these main industries caused a wave of job losses and other main industries to suffer. Britain lost its place as the most powerful empire; there were many reasons for this. Britain didn’t have the necessary raw materials needed for industrialisation; Britain’s farming industry couldn’t produce enough food to feed the growing population. The Liberal reforms were very significant in people’s lives. There were many reasons for why the liberals decided to reform Britain and these issues are highlighted in Booth and Rowntrees reports about people living below the poverty line. These reports tell us that if someone lost their job before the reforms they had to rely on their savings, family and friends, and the pawn brokers or depend on the poor laws which were the only sort of social protection they had. The government hardly ever stepped in to help people, the conservative government and member of the House of Lords all believed that if a person was poor that meant they were lazy; these reports discovered that that wasn’t the case and that in fact the majority of the poorest in society were born there. Some shocking statistics had shown that 11% of primary school children were malnourished and in 1900 the height for enlisting was reduced to 5 feet and even 50% who enlisted were in too ill health. There was a major need to reform, because working conditions needed to be improved in order to improve Britain’s employed for the future. Another significant factor that affected the people of Britain was the changing role of women in Britain. The main cause in the change to women was primarily down to world war one. The war opened up a wider range of occupations to female workers and hastened the collapse of traditional womens employment, particularly domestic service. From the 19th century to 1911, between 11 and 13 per cent of the female population in England and Wales were domestic servants. By 1931, the percentage had dropped to under eight per cent. For the middle classes, the decline of domestic servants was facilitated by the rise of domestic appliances, such as cookers, electric irons and vacuum cleaners. The popularity of labour-saving devices does not, however, explain the dramatic drop in the servant population. Middle-class women continued to clamour for servants, but working women who might previously have been enticed into service were being drawn away by alternative employment opening up to satisfy the demands of war. The number of women in the Civil Service increased from 33,000 in 1911 to 102,000 by 1921. The advantages of these alternative employments over domestic service were obvious: wages were higher, conditions better, and independence enhanced. Another reason was the general strike. The general strike was called by the TUC to support the miners in their quarrel with the mine owners, who wanted to reduce their wages by 13 per cent and increase their shifts from seven to eight hours. Workers in industries such as iron, steel and coal were encouraged to stay off work. The strike affected people across the country because these industries were at a standstill this caused the rest of the country to suffer. To conclude, I think that there were many significant factors that affected the British people and the declined of the staple industries was one of them. However, i think that the most significant factor was the war, as this affected all sexes and age groups across the country and no one was left unscathed by it.

Elder Interview Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Elder Interview - Essay Example Digoxin helps the heart to beat more effectively; ? tab is taken daily. Lasix is taken orally 3 times daily as a diuretic which resolves water retention due to CHF. Singulair is a bronchodilator taken orally once daily. Warfarin is an anti-coagulant (a blood thinner) for reducing risk of cardiac events; the patient takes 2 tabs orally every evening. Diltiazem is an anti-arrythmic taken orally, twice a day in caplet form. Albuterol is a bronchodilator; the patient must take 2 puffs every four to six hours. Advair, an anti-asthmatic, is inhaled in one puff twice a day. Mesalamine is to treat inflammatory bowel disease; the patient takes 2 tabs orally twice a day. The patient also takes Pravastatin, which is a pipid-lowering agent for heart disease; the patient takes two tabs daily. Fluticasone is an anti-asthmatic; the patient should take 1 to 2 sprays in each nostril daily. Potassium chloride is taken by the patient as an electrolyte replacement; she takes this orally twice daily. Vit amin D is for prevention of vitamin deficiency; it is taken once or twice monthly. Hydrocodone is an opioid analgesic taken for pain management; 2 tabs are taken orally by the patient every 8 hours for pain. Nortryptiline is a tricyclic anti-depressant; 4 caplets are taken at bedtime, not to exceed 5 caps total. 2. What reminders does he/she use to remember to take the med? (14) The patient sets an alarm so she will know when to take her medications. 2a. Are these reminders effective? (10) These reminders appear to be very effective for the patient. 3. Any noted side effects experienced? (12) The side effects the patient experiences are some fatigue and occasional dizziness. 4. Is his/her physician aware of OTC or herbs that are taken? (15) The patient’s physician is aware of any over-the-counter or herbal medicines that are taken. ? 5. Any hospital admissions due to an adverse reaction, mishandling, or overdose? (14) There were no hospital admissions due to an adverse reacti on, mishandling, or overdose. ? 6. From whom or where does your client receive information regarding meds? (9) My client receives information regarding medications from her doctor. After the interview, refer to a drug reference text and answer the following questions: ?(10 points) PART II. ? 1. Does your client understand the reasons for taking the meds? (59) Yes, the patient notices right away when she doesn’t take her diuretic, because her hands and feet get swollen. She knows when it’s time for her pain medication, the Hydrocodone—and she knows because she begins to have pain. She knows that, if she doesn’t take her Advair and Singulair, she’s not going to be able to breathe right. 2. Does your client understand the â€Å"common† side effects, including the OTCs and herbs? Give examples. (39) The patient understands many of the common side effects that go along with the over-the-counter medications as well as her prescribed medications. F or example, she tries to plan taking most of her sedative medications before she goes to bed. 3. Is your client at risk for an adverse reaction? Why? (19) This particular client is at risk for adverse reactions because she is allergic to shellfish, as well as aspirin. 4. How does the number of meds taken by your client compare to the number of meds taken by your hospitalized clients? Does your hospitalized client have a better understanding of his/her meds as compared to your community dwelling client? (85) The number of medications taken by my patient is a lot compared to the

Critically evaluate the nature of the relationship between Essay

Critically evaluate the nature of the relationship between intellectual property law and competition law, with particular emphasis on the European Union - Essay Example Article 101 and 102 were regulated as a means of achieving this goal.5 Eventually, the main aim of monitoring competition between undertakings is to protect consumer welfare by striving economic activities. IPRs seem to create conflict with the free movement of goods and services based on the provisions of Article 34 and 36 TFEU6. This essay will critically evaluate the relationship between IP law and Competition Law by focusing on EU perspectives. It will review Article 101 and 102 TFEU on IPRs after indicating detailed information about tension between two disciplines as well as their objectives and policies7. Indeed, since intellectual property rights entitle their owners to exclusive rights on the one hand, while competition law aims to preserve markets open on the other, an inherent tension between the two areas of law is a challenge to their implantation8. Among the main aims of the EU is to set a system of competition law. That informs the reason for creating Article 101 and 102, the Merger Regulation, and State Aid rules. It also explains the justification to pursue a central role in the Treaty as the means for maintenance of effective competition within the European Union.9Besides, The Court of Justice has routinely reaffirmed that the implementation of IPRs, in principle, must correspond to the rules of competition (Article 101 and 102), as well as the rules of free movement of goods referred in Article 34-3710. IPRs are protected under national laws of individual EU countries. Thus, the existence of different national laws on intellectual property produces some difficulties in the EU because of its integration of the single market integration.11 Regarding the aim of free movement of goods throughout the EU, Article 34 (TFEU) outlines restrictions on imports.†12 Article 36 states, â€Å"the protection of industrial and commercial property13† can justify a

Business Ethics (Part A) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Business Ethics (Part A) - Essay Example Often times our myopic approach does not allow us to see the long term possibilities of an ethical action, thus we up taking the shortest and easiest way to fulfil our immediate needs. Ethical dilemmas are prevalent in every aspect of our lifestyle, starting from social groups to work place environment. Velasquez et al (2010) mentioned that ethics cannot be defined by any single definition, as it is dependent on a person’s mentality. Some people define ethics as following their feelings, while other may believe that ethical practices are synonymous to religious customs. However, on closer inspection it has been identified that our feelings often deviate from ethical practices and although several religious customs dictate ethical practices, it may vary across different religions (Bucaro, 2007). Moreover, ethics applies to a theist and atheist alike. An ethical practice also does not fall under legal criteria, because an activity although legal may be unethical. Ethics can be d escribed as developing one’s behaviour based on certain standards which dictates him to do the right thing in a societal context, which will eventually yield a long term achievement or success (BBC, 2014). Running a business operation involves following a set of rules and regulations, which defines the governance of the company. The rules are set in such a way that the company can achieve its financial goals, while meeting the stakeholder’s interest at the same time (Rafner, 2014). Due to highly competitive marketplace, some companies create a competitive work environment, where the employees and workers are given steep targets to achieve. In such a competitive environment the employees often adopt certain unethical practices to achieve their target. In jobs involving direct sales, employees often fabricate and manipulate product related information to the

Catherines determination and is getting angry Essay Example for Free

Catherines determination and is getting angry Essay Now she has admitted to herself, not only to Rodolfo that she is afraid of Eddie. She is trying to escape Eddie and her feelings for him because she could picture what would happen if she stayed. It would be an awkward situation with Eddie and Beatrice keeping an eye on what she is doing. Although Eddie is not Catherines father, he is a very strong father figure to her and the man of the house. The immigrant community is very much a patriarchal society, parallel to Italy. The father and male is an authority figure. Eddie is very protective of Catherine in both positive and negative ways. Eddie really loves and cares for Catherine, and will do anything to protect and look after her, but his love for her is obsessive and possessive. Eddie feels he should choose her husband, as was the done thing in Italy, but Eddie cannot let go of Catherine. Up to the end of page 44 Rodolfo reassures her that they wont be living in Eddies house for much longer and tells her about his ideas for the future, to stay in New York legally, marry Catherine, have their own house and find a better job. Yet Catherine is still interested if he had to go and live in Italy because they had to, would he? Rodolfo, at this point, is getting quite aggravated by her persistence in wanting to go to the country he desperately left, to escape his problems. After they argue about this for a little, this makes the audience more involved in their fight. It makes the audience want the best for the couple but they cant solve their differences because they are only watching. Rodolfo is seemingly surprised at Catherines determination and is getting angry. Maybe this is a test to see if Rodolfo really does love her. If he does, he would marry her whenever, wherever. Rodolfo tries again to tell her. Rodolfo ~ No; I will not marry you to live in Italy. I want you to be my wife, and I want to be a citizen. Tell him that, or I will. Yes. And tell him also, tell him yourself, please, that I am not a beggar, and you are not a horse, a gift, a favour for a poor immigrant. I believe this small speech is very suspicious because first of all he says he wont go to Italy, he will only be her husband if he marries her in America probably because he wants to be a citizen. Then he jumps straight to Eddie, who hasnt been mentioned for a while. It is clear that Eddie lies behind the mood of Catherines. He wants her to tell Eddie that he is not a beggar, yet Rodolfo doesnt explain why he cant do it himself. Even though Catherine is trying to calm Rodolfo as the dispute continues, Rodolfo feels the need to get things off his chest, and Catherine doesnt make any attempt to defend her suggestion. This is because she knows deep down he is right and is making up an excuse for indicating it to Roldolfo. He speaks again about how bad poor Italy is compared to, the land of hope glory, America. Now Rodolfo, again, brings up Eddie. The audience are, at this time, very emotionally involved and might take sides to the characters. They might even relate to this situation making it even more dramatic and effective. When Rodolfo asks why she is afraid for him and her reply is I dont know, it shows that she is unsure of her feelings toward Eddie because Eddie cant explain his feelings for her. Catherine ~ Its only that I- He was good to me, Rodolfo. You dont know him; he was always the sweetest guy to me. He razzes me the time but he dont mean it. I know. I would just feel ashamed if I made him sad. Cause I always dreamt that when I got married he would be happy at the wedding, and laughin- and now hes- mad all the time nasty. Tell him youd live in Italy- just tell him, and maybe he would start to trust you a little, see? Because I want him to be happy; I mean- like him Rodolfo- and I cant stand it! This confession shows the audience how a usually private Catherine is truly feeling inside. Catherine finally explains to Rodolfo the real situation between her and Eddie and what happened before the cousins came. Catherine really wants the two important men in her life to get along so she tries to explain Eddies unpredictable character to Rodolfo. Catherine explains about him criticising her all the time because she really wants him to understand. She describes her dreams of her wedding and thinks of a way of gaining Eddies trust. But the idea of moving to Italy has changed, because originally it was meant for her and Rodolfo to have a new life but now it has been replaced as a way of satisfying Eddie. It could show minor feelings for Eddie. Rodolfo realises how this whole situation is really making Catherine miserable and I think Rodolfo feels really sorry for her so doesnt challenge her again. He knows she has had enough. Catherine says that she loves Rodolfo, but he then replies with comment, which again, has a hint of humour. Rodolfo ~ Then why are you afraid? That hell spank you? He dismisses her personal confession. This could be put down to him not taking Catherine seriously and might imply that he is using her. I think that Catherine at this point will be (secretly) at breaking point with Rodolfo because he isnt making any effort to understand her situation. He isnt taking her thoughts into consideration and is making it out to be some kind of a joke. But maybe it was just a nai ve, honest question. Catherine ~ You dont know; nobody knows! Im not a baby, I know a lot more than people think I know. Beatrice says to be a woman, but- With Catherine bringing up the subject of Beatrice its obvious that the conversation between Beatrice and Catherine earlier on in the play has been playing on her mind. She must have been thinking about what Beatrice said to her and tried to act on the advice given. It is Beatrice who is quick to keep the ball rolling in a conversation and to help gloss over and neutralise difficulties and reactions in the many conversations. Beatrice is very attentive and she develops as Catherines mediator in the play and it is very much as a pacifier how the audience sees her. Now she is absent from this scene Catherine might feel bitter towards her because she is not here to watch her. Maybe this is another sign of Catherines insecurity. Next, I think there is a slight bit of jealousy on Catherines part. She starts complaining about Beatrice and her cold nature towards Eddie. I believe that she is trying to change the subject so they dont have to talk about Eddie anymore. She says she knows Eddie inside out and she doesnt understand why Beatrice is told her to make a stranger out of him. She dont know why I have to do that? She is showing that she loves Eddie almost as deeply as she loves her. Maybe, again, her acting nai ve and it always gets used against her. But she might not be acting on it. Rodolfo tries to explain the situation to her by using a metaphor to help her understand. They stop fighting and decide to go to bed with each other. They both know they cant fight each other because neither of them can win, they dont know enough about each other. Now Eddie is in the apartment and drunk the audience gets a sense that something exciting yet unpredictable may happen. Eddie looks impatiently in the kitchen for Beatrice who is asleep and Catherine enters from a bedroom, the atmosphere must be very tense and quiet in the theatre making the play more realistic.

Releasing the Moment in Clampitt’s Poem Fog Essay -- Clampitt Fog Essa

The photographer sights, clicks, stops; the moment is captured; the vision settles. The poet sights, clicks, begins; the moment is released; the vision starts. Tess Gallagher says, "the poem is always the enemy of the photograph." The art of poetry demands more than external vision; a poem takes the reader outside and inside to see, hear, touch, and feel every detail. In Amy Clampitt’s poem "Fog," she immerses the reader’s senses in the entirety of the moment’s external grace and its secret inner core. Clampitt seeks out what is hidden to the eye. She wants what the camera cannot record. Her subject allows her to show off poetry’s distinct function and strength. Fog obscures, shrouds, limits, dissolves; it defeats sight. "Fog" reveals, illuminates, widens, and intensifies; it gives sight. There is a pleasing poetic irony in Clampitt’s ability to render so present to the mind’s eye precisely what the eyes themselves cannot see at all. "A vagueness comes over everything, / as though proving color and contour / alike dispensable" (Clampitt 610). As things disappear, "the lighthou...

Mahtab’s Story Essay

INTRODUCTION I1. Overcoming Obstacles shows a journey of where an individual is facing serious difficulties in life, and then finds ways to overcome their personal trials. (Thesis/Main idea) I2. Mahtab’s Story, a novel by one of Australia’s best-loved children’s authors – Libby Gleeson, is inspired by true events through the main character Mahtab and her family’s experiences of Overcoming Obstacles. (Introducing your texts) I3. Mahtab’s Story explores Overcoming Obstacles through the character’s events, such as (1) Mahtab being responsible in taking care and protecting her younger siblings, (2) accepting their loss of belongings in order for Mahtab’s family to travel to Australia and (3) being open to Australia’s culture in their life. (Arguments) BODY (FIRST) Point= Example= Technique: Explanation= Overcoming Obstacles: Overcoming Obstacles shows a journey of where an individual is facing serious difficulties in life, and then finds ways to overcome their personal trials. (Thesis) Mahtab being responsible in taking care and protecting her younger siblings 1. Topic Sentence: In Mahtab’s Story, the main character has the expectation of taking care and protecting her younger sibling which she Mahtab is a young girl who has two younger siblings, named Farhad and Soroya. It is her task to make sure that they are safe and entertain them. This is a large responsibility and expectation for a 12 years old girl. ‘Mahtab cuddled her and said, ‘dad would never let anything bad happened to you’. This is an example of direct speech where Mahtab lives up to her expectation as an older sibling by providing care and protection for her sister. 2. Link back to Introduction / essay question. 3. of leaving their loved ones and friends behind 4. Mahtab’s family were afraid of the Taliban and had fear in their country. They left in secret marking the beginning of their journey from Afghanistan and to Australia. (SECOND) Overcoming Obstacles shows a journey of where an individual is facing serious difficulties in life, and then finds ways to overcome their personal trials. (Thesis) accepting their loss of belongings in order for Mahtab’s family to travel to Australia P Mahtab and her family were forced to give away almost everything they had with them in order to safely travel to Australia. ‘Mahtab slid the bracelet into her hand. ‘Give them this, Mum.’ She pressed the bracelet into her mother’s hand. T: Kinesthetic Imagery E : This is an example of Overcoming Obstacles as Mahtab had volunteered to give up her beloved Grandmother’s bracelet in order to help her family travel overseas. (THIRD) Topic Sentence: P Mahtab and her family went to Australia knowing that they have to learn a new language, learn about their culture and to leave behind Afghanistan. Repetition is shown in ‘Stranger in a strange land. This is not my place. These are not my people.’ E – At first, Mahtab’s family thought that they will get the opportunity to have a better life and freedom. Overcoming Obstacles is seen as this quote accurately shows how Mahtab’s family escaped Afghanistan though they feel very sad, uncomfortable and unwelcome in Australia; instead of freedom, they are sent to a detention centre. Link back to question. CONCLUSION I1. Overcoming Obstacles shows a journey of where an individual is facing serious difficulties in life, and then finds ways to overcome their personal trials. Mahtab’s Story written by Libby Gleeson is based on by true events as the main character experiences of Overcoming Obstacles. Mahtab’s Story shows Overcoming Obstacles through events in the novel, such as Mahtab being responsible in taking care and protecting her younger siblings, accepting  their loss of belongings in order for Mahtab’s family to travel to Australia and being open to Australia’s culture in their life. Mahtab and her family members had seriously faced a lot of difficult challenges throughout them travelling from Afghanistan to Australia without being seen by anyone. This Overcoming Obstacle of what Mahtab and her family faced like Losing everything they got, more expectation from Mahtab and moving to another country are very strong and amazingly accomplished.

The Technology to Detect Counterfeit Currency

Currently it is quite easy to manufacture or produce money which is known as fake (Brain, 2007). This is because it is said that only the following are needed: â€Å"a personal computer, a scanner, an inkjet colored printer, as well as, time which is only ten minutes† (Brain, 2007). The first step is to place the bill on the scanner then setting the scanner in its highest resolution at 2,400 DPI before eventually scanning it (Brain, 2007). After that printing may already be carried out (Brain, 2007). Yes indeed, it is now very easy to do so.This is the reasons an individual should know how to distinguish a real from counterfeit money. The following may be of help: First of all, take a look at the picture (United.. , 2006). In the real money, the picture would be extremely realistic (United.. , 2006). The picture in the real money will also â€Å"stand out noticeably from the background† (United.. , 2006). In the counterfeit money, on the other hand, the picture in it lo oks exceedingly lifeless and unexciting (United.. , 2006). In addition to that, its features go along with the backdrop which is usually too shady, shadowy, gloomy, blotchy and speckled (United.. , 2006).Second is to be extremely mindful and check on the federal reserve and treasury seals (United.. , 2006). How? On the real money, it is exceedingly noticeable that the â€Å"saw-tooth points of the federal reserve and treasury seals are apparent, distinctive, as well as, jagged† whereas on the counterfeit money, â€Å"the saw-tooth points of the federal reserve and treasury seals have irregular, dull, or wrecked saw-tooth points† (United.. , 2006). Third is to be familiar with the money’s border (United.. , 2006).In genuine money, â€Å"it is extremely noticeable that the fine lines in the border are very clear and continuous† (United.. , 2006). In the counterfeit bill though, â€Å"the streak are so distorted and indistinguishable† (United.. , 2006 ). Fourth is to look deeper into the serial numbers (United.. , 2006). In the real bill, the spaces are even in between the serial numbers (United.. , 2006). In addition to that, it is set apart by its idiosyncratic style (United.. , 2006). Furthermore, the color of the treasury seal is also similar to the hue utilized in printing the serial numbers (United.. , 2006).On the other hand, in counterfeit bills, the color used in printing the serial numbers may not at all be the same with the hue of the treasury seal (United.. , 2006). Also counterfeit bills’ serial numbers’ spaces are not even (United.. , 2006). In addition to that, the serial numbers in counterfeit money do not make a straight line (United.. , 2006). Last but not least is to scrutinize the type of paper utilized (Indigo.. , 2002). In the real money, there are strands which are colored blue and red set in or entrenched in the entire paper (Indigo.. , 2002).Meanwhile, the counterfeit bill does not have stra nds or fibers, instead, red and blue lines are printed on the paper instead of being embedded on it (Indigo.. , 2002). Devices Utilized to Detect Counterfeit Money There are several devices utilized nowadays to find out if money is counterfeit or real. Some of these devices include the following: First of all is the counterfeit detector pen (How.. , 2007).

Effect of soapy water on plants Essay Example

Effect of soapy water on plants Essay Example Effect of soapy water on plants Essay Effect of soapy water on plants Essay n conclusion, the experiment was about the effect of soapy water on plants. The hypothesis was, If plant A is given 10 ml of plain tap water every other day for two weeks and plant B is given 10 ml of soapy water (5 ml softsoap and 5 ml plain water) for the same amount of time then, plant A will grow at least 3. 0 cm taller than plant B. The Hypothesis was supported. Plant A grew 13. 6 cm while Plant B grew only 5. 2 The Independent variable was water, food, plastic cup, sunlight and soapy water. The Dependent Variable was the length of the plant/ how tall it grew. One error that could have affected the experiment was that the water given to the plants was not exactly 10 ml. It was between 9-11 ml. Another error could have been that it rained during the week. Due to that, the soapy water plant got plain water. Change in type of water could have affected the plant growth. If this experiment was done again, the plants would be watered with exactly 10 ml of water/soapy water and they would be ept inside the house at night and when it rains. n conclusion, the experiment was about the effect of soapy water on plants. The hypothesis was, If plant A is given 10 ml of plain tap water every other day for two weeks and plant B is given 10 ml of soapy water (5 ml softsoap and 5 ml plain water) for the same amount of time then, plant A will grow at least 3. 0 cm taller than plant B. The Hypothesis was supported. Plant A grew 13. 6 cm while Plant B grew only 5. 2 cm. Effect of soapy wate r on plants By neelteJwani

Rise of Mass Society Essays

Rise of Mass Society Essays Rise of Mass Society Essay Rise of Mass Society Essay Rise of Mass Society Mass society arose in the Gilded Age in many ways. People moved back to the cities for many reasons. Farmers were forced to relocate because of the production of heavy machinery, the educational, medical care, and just sheer leisure that the city could offer. With the additional people who had moved into the city also came concern for sanitation. The population of New York City doubling each decade it created for an unsanitary condition as the infrastructure was not adequate to sustain the amount of people living in the cities. By the end of the 19th century the population had gotten to four million. Such extraordinary human overcrowding shared with a simple infrastructure made for the best conditions for an intense rise in widespread disease. Mosquito and tick borne diseases like malaria along with cholera, typhoid, typhus, and yellow fever festered. The citys death rate increase rapidly, and children died in great amounts. The city seemed to be coming apart. New York Citys substructure was dependent on horses. Between 100,000 and 200,000 horses was living in the city at any time (2008). Each horse gave off 24 pounds of feces and many quarts of urine daily. Even with the presence of animals, the city had no efficient street-cleaning techniques. Horse carcasses presented additional problems with the street cleaning, as the carcass can weigh as much as 1,200 pounds, much heavier than any person can lift and move (2008). When a horse did die it would have been left to rot then moved when it was manageable. With the invention of the electric and trolley cars the need for horse drawn transportation lessened. Eventually the horse would not be wanted within the city as a mode of transportation as the cable car and the electric trolley cars entered the city. The advantages assured by automobile supporters appeared to be realized. Streets were cleaner, pollution from manure and the diseases created were diminished, goods were moved economically and proficiently, and movement of people from crowded cities to suburbs was faster by the automobile. Actions seemed to validate the benefits of the automobile over the horse. Railroads during the Gilded Age was one of, if not, the most important discovery during the time because of its ability to transport people and their belongings to many places of the country where it would have taken days or weeks to travel with previous means of transportation. Railroads promoted economic growth towards civilization because trading within the country was more accessible than ever before and new businesses were created because of the creation. Railroads unlike horses during the time couldn’t travel at a high speeds for a long time without or little stopping. In 1862 the Pacific Railroad Act was established to help create the transcontinental railroad by authorizing grants and loans to companies who were involved in the making of the railroad. The transcontinental railroad was a combination of two railroad companies working together, the Central Pacific and Union Pacific. Millions of immigrants were accountable for most of the labor in the making of the transcontinental railroad. Most of the immigrants were of Irish and Chinese background. The transcontinental railroad was completed on May 10, 1869. The immigrants who helped created the railroads settled in the West because of the new industries being established in the West and all the opportunities the West presented itself. The transcontinental railroads expanded the population of the country instantly due to the discoveries towards the West. The railroads opened up many opportunities for people to start businesses and eventually created new industries. The railroads allowed the overcrowding of the East, due to the large amounts of immigrants, to minimize because of people moving towards the West in search for gold and better land for agriculture and ranching. The railroads provided jobs for many new settlers and immigrants in the West from the creation of the railroad itself, to the many jobs created because of the railroads. Since many people moved towards the West because of the new creation of the railroads, new towns formed into cities as the population of the West grew exponentially. With the farmers from the Great Plains and immigrants moving into the city there was a need for leisure time. The farmers had more time on their hands with the inventions of machinery for farming, they looked for things to do. Trains would bring spectators to watch the games several times a week. This was the beginning of the sport we call baseball. Post-civil war was an unsure time for everyone because of the change. Whether it was rebuilding their houses, towns or being equal with African Americans. Baseball was something that brought everyone together and made them forget about everything, it helped people enjoy themselves whether they were watching or playing themselves. It didn’t matter if one was white, black or purple it was part of their life. Baseball soon became known as Americas favorite past time for these reasons. At first baseball was segregated, as everything else was, there was even a Negro league. In 1888, the segregation ended and African Americans were allowed to play with whites. Some star players such as Cap Anderson refused to play with blacks. Even though the segregation had ended, blacks were still discriminated for over 60 years until Jackie Robinson signed with the Dodgers. The cultural phenomena during the Gilded Age developed in many ways. Farmers were forced to relocate into the cities due to not being able to expand their farms or from machinery. Immigrants moved into the large cities in order to obtain work. The city’s infrastructure was not adequate to sustain such a large population of people and horses alike. Many people died due to the unsanitary conditions of the city. Railroads assisted with migrating west, eliminating contaminate within the city, as well as transportation to spectator sports such as baseball.