JpMorgan Case Essay

We trust banks to hold our money and to help make use get more in investment and other ways. One of the most trusted banks is J.P. Morgan Chase they are easily one of the most well-known banks that exist. J.P. Morgan Chase on May 10, 2012 disclosed that they had lost more than $2 billion by trading financial derivatives. The administrative agencies like the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) or the Commodities Futures Trading Commission (CFTC) take action in order to be effective in preventing high-risk gambles in securities and banking, a foundation of the economy. We have to understand the elements of a valid contract, and discuss how consumers and banks each have a duty of good faith and fair dealing in the banking relationship. Having to compare and contrast the differences between intentional and negligent tort actions. I’ll discuss the tort action of â€Å"Interference with Contractual Relations and Participating in a Breach of Fiduciary duty† and, if the bank I’ve chosen were to behave as JP Morgan did, would I be able to prevail in such a tort action. Lastly let’s discuss how banks have protected the software that allows for online transaction to occur through automation.7 The U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) is a federal agency. It holds primary responsibility for enforcing the federal securities laws and regulating the securities industry, the nation’s stock and options exchanges, and other electronic securities markets in the United States. The SEC is divided into four divisions; The Division of Corporation Finance; the Division of Trading and Markets; the Division of Investment Management; and The Division of Enforcement. All the branches within the SEC carry similar  goals in terms of protecting individuals and ensuring financial fairness, each has their own specialty for instance, the Division of Corporate Finance is tasked with the assurance that all imperative disclosure of which represent a corporation are easily accessible by the general public. In addition, the Division of Trading and Markets ensure fairness, order and efficiency in market activities. Much like the design of the SEC, the Commodity Futures Trading Commis sion (CFTC) is also inherently designed to ensure the public, its consumers, and investors are protected from coercion, manipulation, fraud, and/or any other forms of dishonest dealings between manufacturer and consumers/investors. The CFTC is noted to be an independent federal agency established by the Commodity Futures Trading Commission Act of 1974. Again, similar to the design of the SEC, the CFTC is comprised of five different committees, each of which are responsible for a different area of trade and marketing; for example, agriculture, global markets, energy and environmental markets and technology all of which are equally as responsible as the next for ensuring full cooperation and adherence to laws set forth by the SEC. Though banking is the most common method in which most people handle and maintain their finances, there are also equally as many that take their money to invest in stocks, bonds, and the like which do not carry a sound guarantee that they will make a profit or even keep their initial investment monies. Consequently, past dealings with investor types result in unfair and fraudulent losses and even erroneous gains such as the ones reported by JP Morgan Chase, the purpose of the SEC and CFTC alike become abundantly clear. With the utilization of these two particular securities, investors, consumers, and even marketers are able to rest easier knowing that there are serious legal, unfair and blatantly dishonest dealings within the marketplace. In an effort to maintain honest correspondence and dealings with the capital market, both of these require that all earnings and losses should be reported; at which point, there can be a recognition and determination of any imbalanced and deceitful dealings having taken place. The following are the essential elements of a valid contract. Offer and Acceptance. In order to create a valid contract, there must be a ‘lawful offer’ by one party and lawful acceptance of the same by the other party  Intention to Create Legal Relationship. In case, there is no such intention on the part of parties, there is no contract. Agreements of social or domestic nature do not contemplate legal relations. Lawful Consideration has been defined in various ways. The parties to an agreement must be competent the contract. If either of the parties does not have the capacity to contract, the contract is not valid. Free Consent’ means the parties must have agreed upon the same thing in the same sense. In the banking context, this means among other things that a bank could call a loan, refuse to fund, refuse to roll over a loan, set off accounts, etc., no matter how drastic the consequences might be to the borrower. As long as the banks accept them expressly wit hin the granted rights under the controlling loan documents. That may no longer be the case. With the advent of mobile banking, discuss how banks have protected the software that allows for online transaction to occur through automation. The first area, financial accounting, is used mainly for ascertaining the results of any such business on a periodic basis. This should as a result; help the company determine the future course of action, in the long term. From an economic perspective, financial accounting treats money as a factor of production. Management and cost accounting are apparatus used to help management make decisions on a day to day basis. Management and cost accounting aren’t useful simply for their own sake. These two functions help management conduct themselves along with other vital factors involved in the running of a business. Other key factors could be supply, demand, competitors, availability of raw materials, logistics etc. The second area is cost accounting, its primary purpose is to attain the value of direct and indirect costs involved in production. The value acquired, management can make an informed decision on improvement in production performance. From an economic perspective, cost accounting is the measurement of economic performance. This information gives management a clearer indication of the performance of the product resources in the business. Costing also helps the sales manage in setting the correct price. But, because costing is solely a measurement of economic performance, it can’t be considered as an accurate basis for setting prices. Selling prices is more of an economic decision it would not be wrong to mention that pricing is basically determined by market  factors. Prices are influenced mainly on demand, supply and competition, less on costs. High demand plus lack of competition would result in the business charging higher prices for its product, well above the costs. The third area is management accounting, which is related closely to cost accounting. It has evolved from cost accounting; management accounting plays a much broader role in management decisions. It measures the performance, economically, of the whole business, the economic environment that the business operates in. This area of accounting, seeks to combine both financial and cost information into a much broader function. Compare and contrast the differences between intentional and negligent tort actions. Intentional torts and negligence towards both give rise to civil actions. However, there are some important differences to understand about negligence versus intentional torts. Negligence torts do not require intent. To determine if someone should be found liable for a negligence tort, a reasonable person standard is used. If the defendant’s behavior is found to be less careful than behavior a reasonable person would exhibit, that defendant can be found liable for damages. Intentional torts require intent. The person who committed to tort must have intended to cause harm. The harm, however, did not need to be the specific type of harm that was caused to you. The other major difference between intentional and negligence torts, aside from the standard of proof, is that in many cases, a person who is found liable for an intentional tort can be required to pay punitive damages in addition to actua l damages. Discuss the tort action of â€Å"Interference with Contractual Relations and Participating in a Breach of Fiduciary duty† and, if the bank you’ve chosen were to behave as JP Morgan did, would you be able to prevail in such a tort action. The tort of interference with contractual relations and participating protects the right to enjoy the benefits of legally binding agreements. I have chosen a bank like JP Morgan and they did what he I would not took it very well. I invested money and knowing that JP losses that money I would wind up probably suing them. But providing a remedy when the defendant intentionally induces another person to breach a contract with the plaintiff. The defendant must know of the existence of the contract between the plaintiff and the other person, or there must be a sufficient fact that a reasonable person would be led to believe that such  contract existed. Interference with the contractual relations requires an unacceptable purpose. If good grounds are set and exist for the interference then the defendant is not liable. But as for J.P. Morgan there were no good rounds so the defendant is liable. So if I were to go to court over this I would not win and neither would J.P we would just be both out of the loss money that was invested. In conclusion when you invest money in a bank Think to you self is it a good idea or is it not a good idea. We all make investments just need to make sure it in the right bank that you can trust. J.P Morgan had a down fall and loss a ton of money but in the end they had to deal with the fines and the investors. When in drought don’t invest your money unless you really have to. References: Bagley / Savage 2013 Custom Edition http://money.cnn.com/2012/05/10/news/companies/jp-morgan-losses/index.htm http://www.thedailybeast.com/

Boutique Owner- Career Report

Running of a boutique is classified in the class of small business venture in fashion industry, and it is a dream to many people. The desire by many people to operate a boutique is motivated by the capability of individuals to apply managerial skills in operating small businesses. In addition, this is a very lucrative industry capable of bringing in a good income. However, management of a boutique business is not that easy due to the need of being up to date with ever changing fashions and tastes of customers.One main challenge is developing mission and vision statements in addition to application of good leadership and managerial skills. These factors support the fact that most of the accomplished boutique owners are people who are successful in the field of managing small businesses. This is achieved through application of personal traits such as determination, self driven motive, and enterprenual skills, basic of planning, management, and organizational skills. As a matter of fact , boutique business is a complex line of business where total management skills are required.In-depth knowledge on the running of the boutique and fashion statistics is very useful to any owner in order to make a meaningful progress. Boutique as a career requires the owner to employ other people who are capable and able to manage the business accordingly (White & Griffiths, 16). It also requires that the employees to perform their boutique work according to their past knowledge and experience. Therefore, workers or employees who have knowledge on the tactics that lead to improved performance play a very big role in operations of a boutique as a career. EducationAs a boutique owner it requires you to look for employees with knowledge as well as the skills of a boutique. Owning a boutique is not simple because one is required to have a substantial amount of start-up capital. This may force one to get a bank loan which should be paid regardless of whether the business succeeds or not. The failure or success depends on the management style of the owner. It is true to say that one can know the fate of a boutique business within the first few months or years. However, at the beginning losses are very high because of the initial investments and also extra expenditures of acquiring initial stock.At this early stage, one is expected to maintain high expectation through management of the losses as you focus on the profits generated in each transaction. But this only lasts for a period of time because once the business has stabilized, the expenditures becomes minimal creating a good source of income for the owner. Therefore, for a person to own a boutique future expectation that is the mission and the vision will be required. Managerial knowledge and the leadership of the employees is also another factor that determines the performance of the boutique.Owning a boutique needs a person who is open minded in matters pertaining to ideas regarding different boutique issues. T he business requires a well motivated individual who can use the combination of savoir-faire business skills and in depth the knowledge of the fashion retail industry to make profit. It requires a person to have the exact knowledge that is needed to ensure that a boutique is well managed. It needs leadership skills and management skills for a nice and effective boutique to be effective, planning should also be effective.Boutique deals with a wide range of fashion products for example sportswear, beachwear, novelty items, shoes, handbags accessories, and watches. In my case, a combination of the accessories and the novelty items, watches, shoes, handbags make my career as an owner of a boutique. Training This business requires one to have an education background which is specific on the knowledge of issues relating to fashion. One is required to have a Bachelor Degree in Business Administration Fashion Retailing or Marketing as well as management is of essence when operating a boutiq ue.Masters in Business Administration is an added advantage since it attracts investors in form of partners as they may have a greater trust in your management capability. Experience also applies in addition to the education background. This includes an extensive experience in fashion retail industry in a variety of positions from different levels of retail sales associated with exact experiences as a retail store manager. In boutique ownership career, risk taking personality is very important and solid business backgrounds such as marketing, accounting, sales, management and knowledge of the fashion are critical requirements.Other important requirements in connection with retail market place including trends and forecasts, flexible multitasking capabilities, excellent time management and communication skills in depth are important (Style career). Training focuses on the management and leadership qualities required in operations of the boutique. Tactics on customer response is also important during the training; the trainees are provided with a wide range of knowledge of handling different positions in the boutique business.Salary range My salary range is $100,000-$150,000 pa. The range is however not fixed as it can fluctuate depending on the level of profitability. Being a fashion industry, the knowledge of current trends in the market will promise one an upper limit income. Future trends Many successful businesses start small and build up to larger ones through expansion. Being a small business owner has been my dream for me. I do not regret why I chose a boutique business as my career since I have seen fruits of my labor.I am looking forward to building a large business empire by opening up boutique outlets which are at the proximity of my customers. I will even remain sensitive to the needs of my customers in addition to allowing them to make requests for the kind of products they would like me to stock for them. This I believe will give me a mileage ahea d of my competitors. Works Cited Style career, Breaking Into and Succeeding as a Boutique Owner. Viewed on 11 July 2010 from http://www. stylecareer. com/boutique. shtml White, N and Griffiths, I. The Fashion Busines

Leadership at BMW Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Leadership at BMW - Essay Example While charismatic leaders are achievement-oriented visionaries who, by virtue of their characteristic aura and excellent communication, inspire their followers, and are also capable of taking a calculated risk, noncharismatic leaders are knowledgeable, confident and analytical. Unlike democratic leaders who believe in participative management style and encourage the involvement of subordinates in the decision-making process, autocratic leaders tend to use the power of their position to impose their verdict on subordinates. Leaders are seen as enablers when they inspire and empower subordinates, and controllers when they manipulate subordinates. These two contrasting styles can be correlated to some extent to autocratic and democratic styles. Finally, transactional leaders are those who incentivize the performance of employees and transformational leaders are motivators who aim at enriching the subordinates. In compliance with the German laws concerning publicly listed organizations, BMW has a supervisory board and a board of management (BOM). The BOM has six members who are led by the Chairman, Board of Management Dr. - Ing. Norbert Reithofer. The supervisory board consists of ten representatives of shareholders as well as employees (BMW-website-a, 2009). The chairman of the supervisory board is appointed by the Quandts and BMW employees comprise half of the board. The organizational structure of BMW is team oriented. The organization employs interrelated and multi-skilled work teams. Being a top-notch automobile company, BMW has institutionalized the concept of high-performance work groups which are self-organized.

Residential Schools Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Residential Schools - Research Paper Example The schools were formed for the purpose of educating but they ended up with devastating results due to their deviation from their goal of providing education. The residential schools run in Canada were mostly run by Christian missionaries. The residential schools are believed to play a negative role in the lives of many natives as these natives had been physically and sexually abused at many instances in the schools. This issue became highlighted after these acts were revealed by some of the natives. Moreover even some native leaders came ahead and spoke about the abuse that they had to face in these residential schools and their public statements further served to highlight this issue. This led to the formation of different commissions to look into the matter which included The Truth and Reconciliation Commission which was directed to find out more about the residential schools and as to how they affected the society in a negative or positive way (Austen 2008). This essay would furt her revolve around the purpose of these native schools and the impact that these residential schools left on the natives. Residential Schools The first known residential schools were basically initiated in North America and Canada. The primary role of the residential schools operating in Canada and North America was to inject the western culture into a society which was mostly unaware about it and thus it had the purpose of making the western culture dominant above the other cultures that were present in these countries. The schools were based on a scheme of removing children from their family’s influence at a very early age by making their enrollment compulsory in these schools so that they could not grasp much of their... This paper stresses that the Residential Schools faced from unhygienic conditions because of which the natives suffered from different kinds of diseases. Smallpox and tuberculosis were seen to be common in the natives who studied in these schools because of these conditions. They also paved a platform for the enmity between the natives and the government as they created a difference between the goals of the government and the goals of the natives. Moreover because of the lower budget allocated to these schools it was also seen that the natives had to face from the problem of clothing. This report makes a conclusion that the residential schools left a negative impact on the whole native society. The implementation of the scheme of residential schools proved to be a total failure and was presumably aimed at eradicating the culture of natives from the country. Snatching away the rights of the natives was a theme of the residential school scheme because of which many of the natives still suffer till date. After studying from the residential schools the natives are also seen to suffer from disorders such as the Residential Syndrome. The physical and sexual abuses suffered by many of the aboriginals have come forward in front of the world. A commission has been formed to find out everything about the residential schools and it is believed that the commission would soon be providing with its results. The impact that the residential schools brought to the natives was a negative one and many of the natives are still recovering from the incidents that they faced while study ing in these schools.

Gangsters Paradise jerusalema, Broken BRICS, The Fall and Rise of the Essay

Gangsters Paradise jerusalema, Broken BRICS, The Fall and Rise of the West - Essay Example Smuggling and all types of antisocial activities were common in America before the development of its economy. According to some social science theories, antisocial activities in a country have direct relations with its economic growth. In other words, when a country develops rapidly, antisocial activities may come down whereas such things will be increased when the country fails to develop properly. Poverty, unemployment and uncontrolled inflation are the major reasons behind antisocial activities. For example, majority of the African countries are underdeveloped. Antisocial activities, internal clashes and ethnic violence are common in these countries. On the other hand South Africa is the most developed country in Africa. Antisocial activities and ethnic violence are less in South Africa compared to other African nations. In short, economic progress has direct connections with antisocial activities like smuggling and internal conflicts. America was once a victim of antisocial acti vities like smuggling because of the underdevelopment of economic growth. However, America was able to become the number fighter against smuggling now since the country was able to develop rapidly in recent times. It should be noted that America is the richest country in the world at present. As a result of that people in America are not much interested in encouraging antisocial activities like smuggling. Andreas argues these lessons from America tell us many things about the current international political economy (IPE) and the future of emerging economies.

The structure and the role of the Federal Reserve Bank Term Paper

The structure and the role of the Federal Reserve Bank - Term Paper Example These banks are located in different cities of the United States of America, which include New York, Richmond, Philadelphia, Boston, Cleveland, Atlanta, Chicago, Dallas, St. Louis, Kansas City, Minneapolis, and San Francisco. â€Å"These branch banks retain reserves of currency, and each bank has its own President and board† (Smith, n.d.). The Board of Governors has also established 25 branches of the 12 Federal Reserve Banks in order to support the business activities of the Federal Reserve Banks. For each bank, there is a nine-member board of directors, which manages and controls the business activities of the Federal Reserve Bank. The members of the boards serve their respective banks for the period of three years. The Board of Federal Reserve selects three members of each board, also known as the Directors, whereas remaining six members are selected by the local member banks working in their respective districts. The members of each board are divided into three classes which are A, B, and C. Class C directors are selected by the board of governors whereas class A and Class B directors are selected by the commercial banks (Smale, 2005). The Board of Governors is the most powerful part of the Federal Reserve System. The board of Governors consists of seven members of the board and a chairperson. The President appoints the members of the board for a period of fourteen years whereas the chairperson serves a four-year contract. The Federal Open Market Committee is the third subgroup of the Federal Reserve System. It is a 12-members committee, which includes four presidents of the regional Federal Reserve Banks, the President of the New York Federal Reserve Bank, and the seven members of the Board of Governors. The basic role of the Federal Open Market Committee is to make the decisions regarding changes in the

Paper 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Paper 2 - Essay Example Secondly, I support the civil rights movement, because its leaders including Martin Luther King Jr. acknowledged the importance of integrating the leadership of whites and that of blacks, among other minority groups (Taylor 156). Their view was opposed to the Black Nationalism’s goal of displacing and the revolting against the entre leadership system held by the white people. Through this letter, I will communicate the different reasons, and the critical areas that compelled me to decline the opportunity of working with the OAAU; instead, am in favor of the outlook of the civil rights movement. The first reason as to why I decline the invitation to work with OAAU is that all through the years between 1953 and 1965, despite the efforts of the members of the civil rights movement, the followers of Black Nationalism took an opposite trajectory (Reed 151-155). ... From the outlook that the entire array of Western culture phenomena was based on prejudice and hypocrisy was faulty, mainly because the integration of the black people into the mainstream society would offer them access to platforms for causing change. For example, at the time, very few black people had considerable education; therefore their chances of taking leadership positions were very minimal (Cone 134). The negative outlook of the Black Nationalist movement, which houses the OAAU, is evident from the decrees of Malcolm X, who held that the control of justice, taking center-stage in economics and separatism were the only options that would change the racist situation in the American society. However, Malcolm had little thought of the economic infrastructures that they would use to remain independent; many blacks were not educated to levels that would guarantee effective leadership and he did not regard whether separatism would affect the black society positively or negatively ( Cone 134). Second evidence that Malcolm X’s organization does not offer the better option to the problems facing the black people is that, he believed that violence was the only channel, through which social change could take place; he believed that nonviolence was the philosophy of the fool (Taylor 156). However, it is necessary to note that violence has not yielded positive effects in the past, further; using violence could affect minority groups like the blacks negatively. The third evidence is that the institution of ethical values, developing their own society and setting self-help groups was likely to alienate the black people, from the mainstream economy, noting that they were not the majority. The second

Multicultural Education Improvement Research Paper

Multicultural Education Improvement - Research Paper Example Banks (1994) identifies five dimensions of multicultural education.   The first of these dimensions are â€Å"content integration† which is a technique by which educators ensure that teaching reflects cultural diversity (Banks 1994, p. 4). An example is to emphasize contributions in the field of study by diverse cultural heroes. Secondly, educators utilize â€Å"knowledge construction† which informs students how perspectives are influenced by â€Å"conclusions reached within that discipline† (Banks 1994, p. 5).   The third dimension of multicultural education is referred to by Banks (1994) as â€Å"prejudice reduction† which helps students to form objective views of diverse groups (p. 5). The fourth dimension is â€Å"equitable pedagogy† which attempts to alter classroom instructions that all students among different cultural groups perform academically.   The final dimension is â€Å"empowering school culture and social structure† whic h focuses on the environment within the school and ensuring that it supports diversity among the student body. Multicultural education can be defined as education strategies designed to accommodate teaching and learning for diverse cultures.   The idea is to provide for fostering pluralism among races, cultures and classes.   Theoretically at least, if students are subjected to multicultural education that is properly integrated into teaching and learning processes, attachment and engagement should improve.   ... 5). The third dimension of multicultural education is referred to by Banks (1994) as â€Å"prejudice reduction† which helps students to form objective views of diverse groups (p. 5). The fourth dimension is â€Å"equitable pedagogy† which attempts to alter classroom instructions that all students among different cultural groups perform academically (Banks 1994, p. 5). The final dimension is â€Å"empowering school culture and social structure† which focuses on the environment within the school and ensuring that it supports diversity among the student body (Banks 1994, p. 5). Multicultural education can be defined as education strategies designed to accommodate teaching and learning for diverse cultures. The idea is to provide for fostering pluralism among races, cultures and classes. Theoretically at least, if students are subjected to multicultural education that is properly integrated into teaching and learning processes, attachment and engagement should improv e. Ukpokodu (2009) informs that if multicultural education focuses on transformative learning, students of all races, cultures and classes transform their way of thinking and their perspectives and attitudes to more democratic and objective ways of thinking (2). Arguably, students become more responsible citizens and want to be productive citizens. As Banks (2008) argues, responsible citizenship can be hampered and can be lost on minorities when they are forced to detach themselves from their own cultures and languages (p. 130). Therefore by virtue of transformative learning under the auspices of effective multicultural education, students can be expected to become more engaged and attached to school, as they are not forced to become detached from their own cultures, races and classes. To

Political Science-Critique Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Political Science-Critique - Essay Example So there are always a few who are free to make knowledgeable opinions and pay attention and cause change, James Stimson further explained this dilemma that politics or political change is exerted at the margins only. Very few people or only limited group of people brings about a political change. The history has shown that the leaders have never repented on their mistakes. Therefore if a dramatic critical change is subdued then it’s a game play of very few numbers of people who are knowledgeable and contribute to the change through order, systematically (Stimson, pp. 158-159). He explained his points through a mathematical formula of aggregate gain. Here he contrasted this mathematic term with politics as the real probability of change and effect lies at the centre and the middle. These small scale shifts clustering around the middle cause change. The two extreme sides if treated equally then this 50-50 situation is broken when these very few people that accounts for one or tw o percent of the electorate and thus cause a change and winning position for either of the party. James stressed on the fact that the 50-50 line is the decisive part which is the median and constitutes of one or two percent of the electorate if the elections is divided closely. ... If two out of every 100 Americans change uniformly then the 98% stood still from either democratic or republican and the 2% is the product of change (Stimson, p. 162). James Stimson classified citizens on three segments. The first being the Passionate, these are the most involved people and make lifetime commitments adhering strictly to one side / one political party only. Their ideologue of commitment continues to remain the same over the lifetime acquiring a small portion of the American public. The third group is the Uninvolved people who lacks interest and doesn’t pay attention to movements at all and cancels the Passionate in the aggregate. The second group of people is the Scorekeepers, who are the most dedicated, knowledgeable persons and lies in the centre of both the extremes constituting the non-ideologists pragmatists. They don’t focus on who is correct or incorrect but focus on the outcomes doing a good job or not. These three categories change in sizes over time, but the middle group is responsible for producing the change. Moreover the individual movements on random basis cancel out itself in the aggregate (Stimson, pp. 163-164). Two important points are recognized here where a change is a resultant of responses of those people who pay enough attention to the movements but not being judgemental and adhered to a single party as the passionate, calling for a systematic change. Those people who are really uninvolved don’t participate in surveys; those who do might be ignorant but politically active. He further briefed that the scorekeepers of the middle group are dispassionate but are well informed. All the people cannot be knowledgeable in the same way all the people can

Homework Speech or Presentation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Homework - Speech or Presentation Example He clocks the speeds of 20 randomly selected cars and 20 randomly selected trucks two miles after a major safety sign. Which statistical test should be used to determine whether drivers of cars and drivers of trucks are differentially affected by safety signs? C. A researcher wants to test whether there is a relationship between political party affiliation and education. She randomly selects 500 people and, for each, notes political party affiliation (Republican, Democrat, Neither) and highest degree earned (high school, college, graduate). Which statistical test should be used to determine whether there is a relationship between political party affiliation and education? D. In a study of group productivity, subjects worked in groups of various sizes to develop new computer software. Subjects were randomly assigned to work in groups of two, ten, or fifteen. Which statistical test should be used to determine whether group size has an effect on productivity? A psychologist at a private mental hospital was asked to determine whether there was any clear difference in the length of stay of patients with different categories of diagnosis. Looking at 4 patients in each of the three major categories, the results (in terms of weeks of stay) were as follows: Therefore, the mean between drug related conditions and cognitive behavior are similar. However, the mean between behavior and drug related and, the mean between behavior and cognitive are also different. In a study on the effect of the invasion of personal space, experimenters approached pedestrians walking alone and asked them for directions. When the pedestrian started giving directions, the experimenter took a step toward him/her. An observer then noted whether the pedestrian responded to this invasion of personal space by staying where he/she was, by taking a step forward, or by taking a step back. The table below shows

Iraq invaded Kuwait in 1990 Essay Example for Free

Iraq invaded Kuwait in 1990 Essay The invasion was the result of a long-standing territorial dispute. Iraq accused Kuwait of violating the Iraqi border to secure oil resources, (on July 17, 1990 Saddam Hussein accused Kuwait and the United Arab Emirates of flooding the world oil market. In addition, he singled out Kuwait for the production of oil from a disputed supply, the Rumaila oil field), and demanded that its debt repayments should be waived. (7:1) Direct negotiations were begun in July 1990, but they were destined soon to fail; along with reassurance from the United States making a claim that they would not get involved (the famous meeting of Saddam Hussein with April Glaspie, the United States Ambassador to Iraq, on the 25th of July, 1990). This was the go ahead that Hussein needed. (8:1) Arab mediators convinced Iraq and Kuwait to negotiate their differences in Jiddah, Saudi Arabia, on August 1, 1990, but that session resulted only in charges and countercharges. A second session was scheduled to take place in Baghdad, the Iraqi capital, but Iraq invaded Kuwait the next day. (9:1) Iraqi troops overran the country shortly after midnight on 2nd August 1990. The U. S. fell short on its claim to not get involved and instantly declared interest in keeping Saudi Arabia safe. (10:1) The History of Operation Desert Strom: On the morning of August 2, 1990 the mechanized infantry, armor, and tank units of the Iraqi Republican Guard invaded Kuwait and seized control of that country. The invasion triggered a United States response, Operation DESERT SHIELD, to deter any invasion of Kuwaits oil rich neighbor, Saudi Arabia. On August 7, deployment of U. S. forces began. United Nations Security Council Resolutions 660 and 662 condemned Iraqs invasion and annexation and called for the immediate and unconditional withdrawal of Iraqi forces. On August 20 President Bush signed National Security Directive 45, U. S. Policy in Response to the Iraqi Invasion of Kuwait, outlining U. S. objectives which included the immediate, complete, and unconditional withdrawal of all Iraqi forces from Kuwait, and the restoration of Kuwaits legitimate government to replace the puppet regime installed by Iraq. (2) A U. N. ultimatum, Security Council Resolution 678, followed on November 29, 1990. It stipulated that if Iraqi dictator Saddam Hussein did not remove his troops from Kuwait by January 15, 1991 a U. S. -led coalition was authorized to drive them out. Early in the morning of January 17, Baghdad time, the U. S. -led coalition launched air attacks against Iraqi targets. On February 24, coalition ground forces begin their attack. On February 27, Kuwait City was declared liberated, and with allied forces having driven well into Iraq, President Bush and his advisers decided to halt the war. A cease-fire took effect at 8:00 the following morning. (3) A crucial element of the Persian Gulf war was the Iraqi launch of its modified Scud missiles. Iraq originally obtained Scud missiles, along with much of the rest of its military equipment, from their producerthe Soviet Union. This 1970s study provides basic data on various aspects of the Scud Bincluding, among others, its range, payload, warhead type, and accuracy. It also provides information on the background of the missile and conclusions based on U. S. materiel exploitation of one or more Scuds. (4) On December 2, 1990, six weeks before the United States and its allies initiated Operation Desert Storm, Iraq test launched three Scud missiles from sites in eastern Iraq, which impacted in western Iraq. This DIA report, based at least in part on data from Defense Support Program launch detection satellites, provides first notification of the launch and basic data on the nature of the missilesincluding type, launch sites and impact areasas well as other relevant information. It was reported that the Iraqi test firing allowed the U. S. to fine-tune its launch detection system, which proved of great value during Desert Storm. (5) During the Persian Gulf War Iraq fired 88 Iraqi-modified Scuds at Israel, Saudi Arabia, and Bahrain. The Scud attacks on Israel threatened to provoke Israel into a counterattack, which the U. S. wished to avoid for fear that it would shatter the Allied coalition. From the beginning of the war destruction of Iraqi Scuds represented a high priority for U. S. and allied forceswhich involved the use of space systems, aerial platforms, and special operations forces. Destruction of Iraqs mobile Scud forces proved far more difficult than expected, in part due to Iraqi tactics. At wars end there had been no confirmed kills of mobile Scuds. This post-war DIA assessment focuses on a number of subjects, including pre-war intelligence assumptions, Iraqi Scud deployment and dispersal, the capabilities of Iraqs extended range Scuds, and means of measuring the effectiveness of the counter-Scud effort. It concluded that the lessons learned during Operation DESERT STORM can provide the framework for developing a more effective, realistic approach to targeting both Third World ballistic missiles and Soviet mobile intercontinental ballistic missiles in the future. (6) A key element in allied success in the Persian Gulf War was the U. S. -British led air campaign prior to the commencement of the ground campaign. That air campaign marked the first major use of the F-117A, Nighthawk, stealth fighter, the existence of which was declassified in 1988 shortly before its first combat in Operation JUST CAUSE in Panama in 1989. This chronology, in addition to covering events related to F-117A deployment and operations, provides a day-by-day, wave-by-wave, account of operations against Iraqi targets. It provides specifics on targets, bombs dropped, and the 37th Fighter Wings general assessment of the effectiveness of the attacks. Subsequent studies of F-117A operations, such as that of the General Accounting Office, were more skeptical of the F-117A effectiveness. (7) What is the situation now in the context of 1990 war?

Language Death: Cultural Issue Or Moral Panic?

Language Death: Cultural Issue Or Moral Panic? The use of English as a spoken and a written language is a fast and growing trend and most countries have been adopting English even in official documents and people are not speaking their native language but increasingly communicating in English in a globalized society. As expressed by researchers, Americanization is a fast and dominant trend and countries are adopting English in schools, offices and media, TV and also music and entertainment. Movies in certain countries are made in English or with English subtitles although English may not be the native language. This means that the minority languages are dying out drastically and this radical change is language has to be noted and important theme among linguists. Language death is widespread as many language are being replaced by English and English is now taking over all other languages as people around the world find it easy to communicate in one language. With globalization, the rate of language becoming extinct continues to in crease alarmingly and will possibly continue to increase in the future. 2)What is language death? According to David Crystal, a language dies when nobody speaks it anymore. Krauss (1992) establishes three types of prognosis for language death and provides the characteristics that would define language death in a specific way, with the prognosis being the probability of continuation or that a language would continue to be used and when it doesnt it is considered dead, or that a language would degenerate to some other language and this degeneration implies that language would get distorted or mixed with other language and finally disappear or the possible rejuvenation of a language which means an old or dying language would be rejuvenated or revived to a new language. Language death occurs when languages become moribund' and a language is no longer learned or spoken as a mother tongue by children and this sort of language that is not used has been considered as doomed to extinction. A language may also be Endangered and although still learned and used by children would likely to cease to be learned by children during the coming centuries so these are endangered. These two categories of languages that are either moribund or endangered according to Krauss make for 90% of the worlds languages and only remaining 10% or 600 languages have been defined as safe, and these are languages that are neither moribund nor endangered and are not in immediate danger of extinction or death (Krauss, 1992). 3) Brief history of language death There could also be certain status issues in language as seen in case of certain languages such as Irish and Sanskrit these are spoken only by traditional people and the modern or urban citizens of either Ireland or India do not speak these languages. In some cases traditional language is spoken by tribes or people of lower socio economic groups and speaking these languages could be associated with low socio economic status as members of high socioeconomic status tend to adopt language that have global appeal such as English. According to Krauss (1992) there are 6900 languages spoken around the world and 3000 of these will not be spoken by the end of the next century and will thus be considered dead or extinct. Language death could have many factors as seen in the history of language and the endangering of language is due to a lack of speakers or there could be less government support in keeping the language from extinction. The threat to language is the pressure to give in to globalization and standardization as using one standard language has become the norm. It has been estimated that the number of English speakers worldwide was 4 million in 1500 although by 2000 the number of English speakers would be 1 billion across the world Otto Jespersen (1938/68). There are speakers of English as a first or native language, speakers of English as a second language and speakers of English as a foreign language. (Pennycook,1994). Language death has been traditionally due to language being lost or not spoken in family and informal situations and this inflicted the death of the language or replacement with another language in church, legal and other official situations. Traditionally language has also died when a majority of their speakers die due to natural disasters or genocides and similar conditions. For instance language spoken in El Salvador such as Lenca and Cacaopera are already extinct and Pipilonly is another language that has a few remaining speakers but there is a gradual shift towards adopting a language that others speak and understand and Spanish and English are becoming popular with older traditional languages becoming extinct in central and South America (Krauss, 1976). In Ceylon there has a death of the traditional Tamil languages with English being used instead and a scholar Sir Arunachalam commented that The root of the evil in Ceylon is that the vernacular is neglected. In Africa, there is a gradual extinction of many tribal languages as these small tribes speak these languages extensively and many of these tribal members are remote from other human habitation and with their death due to harsh African conditions or poverty, ther e would be no one left to speak these languages. 4) Why is language death an important issue? Language death is an important issue as language is related to culture and cultural identity and loss of linguistic diversity could also be a loss of diverse cultures. The issue thus goes beyond language and touches on problems with culture as specific languages would have specific expressions and with the loss of language there would be a loss of such specific expressions and this means that there will also be a loss of knowledge or every few people would be able to relate to cultural knowledge or transfer certain cultural idioms and expressions to the next generation. These cultural expression would then die and a culture itself would die when language dies. Although this sort of scenario may be extreme, these are possibilities and to preserve culture, it would be necessary to preserve language and that is how language death and its analysis and knowing its causes and possible means of preservation of language or prevention of language death could also be studied along with this. D ixon (1997) has suggested that smaller societies and even tribes dealing with minority languages have complex hierarchies and communal relations and associated complex pronoun structures which may not be completely grasped or interpreted with a majority modern language. According to researchers, there is also a feeling of loss of valuable cultural components and information through the process of colonization and modern day globalization. 5) What is the relation between culture and language? Language and culture are related as cultures and cultural identities are expressed with language and expressions that are peculiar to a language and with the loss of different languages it would be difficult to pass certain cultural nuances to the future generations as certain expressions are unique to certain cultural patterns. Language does not exist separate from culture but is an integral aspect of culture and when a language dies it also adversely affects the culture as the culture which is based on the language is suddenly usurped by some other language and this would mean that the cultural basis or roots are lost. It is important to preserve language to preserve culture. 6) Should language death lead to moral panic? It is an open question whether language death is a cultural issue or whether it should lead to moral panic. If cultural identity is to be preserved, language death would definitely mean that there is a death of culture and diversity in this world. The colonisation and globalization issues could be issues of morality as imperialism itself raises ethical questions on whether a foreign culture or language has a right to claim ownership or whether it could completely usurp or conquer other cultures. These are problems that will become even more relevant in a globalized world with increased connectivity when there are practical advantages of speaking in one language. 7) Conclusion Language death is an important both as a moral and cultural issue as languages are an integral part of cultural identity so language and culture are related significantly. People identify with a culture they belong to and thus they also identify with a certain culture and feel a sense of belonging to a group or society or even when they speak a language which is common in a cultural group they identify with the language as well. Other issues apart from culture, society, globalization that will be linked to language death would be morality when a minor language or culture is usurped or conquered by a global or stronger language. In the future a majority language could completely overshadow a minority language. Problem of Oversupply in the Office Market: Solutions Problem of Oversupply in the Office Market: Solutions Proposed Office oversupply solution. Businesses are developing very quickly in the UK and around the world; the shapes of businesses in the world are changing and evolving very quickly. In this assignment we will try to find out long-term and short-term solutions to the problem of oversupply in the office market. Before we can propose the solutions we need to understand how the problem has evolved and the differences between the traditional and modern needs of businesses that resulted from the change in businesses themselves. Traditional definition of office: Office is the physical place from which a company performs its functions. Why firms need an office? Offices are important in order to prove to the stakeholders of the company that the company exists and have a usual place. Offices are normally where staff work and perform their duties. Offices are a place of holding meetings with clients and suppliers. Traditional criteria in choosing the location of the office: In the past, choosing the location of an office was related to many factors, I would mention the most important of them here: Exchanging information with peer companies: in the past, acquiring information was one of the most important issues in building a competitive advantage, companies used to locate their offices close to each other in order to exchange information about pricing, market conditions, supply and demand, for example, in the city of London and New York most of the financial companies were located in central London and Manhattan around the central banks and the stock exchange. Offices are usually located where customers are: companies used to locate their offices where they can meet their customers and know about them more information, for example, the offices of car insurance companies are in the cities where they can meet people and talk to them directly face to face and feel their needs. Offices of one company are close to each other: offices of one company are chosen to be very close to each other in order to depend on each other, exchange goods and services and make it easier to meet and discuss important strategic issues.  Ã‚   Legal relationship between the landlord and the company: The legal relationship between the office owner and the company that occupies the office is usually defined in the lease. What is the lease? GE Capital definition of the lease is that: â€Å"Lease is a legal agreement between the property owner and tenant stipulates the conditions under which the tenant may possess the real estate for a specified period†. Normally, the lease is a long-term relationship between the two parties; this long-term relationship involves financial commitment from the property occupier. Who can afford the lease? The above definition means that the property occupier is traditionally an established business with stable or growing client base and sales in order to meet the financial obligations of entering into the lease. Lease is the most expensive item after the cost of labour. Why small businesses usually fail? Most small businesses have cash flow problems resulting from their obligations to pay their employees, landlords and creditors. Small businesses usually do not have stable cash inflow while they have increasing cash outflow. Long term lease or business rents contribute to the dilemma of the small businesses by not giving them contractual flexibility when signing their lease agreement. Main text: What has been changed? Businesses themselves are in constant change in the world, when businesses change all the functions that are related to them change too such as offices, labour, and markets. Economic factors: I will mention below the most important factors that have change businesses and in turn changed the demand for offices: The world economy depends more than ever on small firms: countries like UK, US and the rest of Europe have established initiatives in order to promote innovation and entrepreneurship; this means that the world economy depends increasingly on small firms that have the potential to grow into medium and large sized firms or diminish. A consequence of having many small firms is that these small firms cannot commit themselves to long-term lease contracts. Information technology: the spread of information technology has made communications between different parts of the business easier, conferences could be held by using telephone conferencing facilities and life video recordings. Consequences: the consequence of information technology on businesses is that many different offices of the company do not have to be close to each other, many companies are choosing to locate their headquarters in remote areas where they can save huge sums of money on paying less rent. Huge banking business lines such as Barclay Card are located outside London in Northampton. Internet: the Internet did not only change the way of doing business but also created new businesses online: many businesses do not need a physical place anymore to operate.   Consequence: the consequence of the Internet on office demand is deep; the Internet has made the demand on office substantially less. Flexible labour: the ups and downs of the recent business cycles are more extreme than ever before, a slowdown in the economic activity could cause the dismissal of hundreds of thousands of employees, while an economic boom requires thousands of employees, companies need flexible offices in order to change the size of the office as soon as possible, companies may need to double their space in 2 months or cut half their space in less than a month. Consequence: the result of the variability in the economic cycles required commercial property providers to be able to meet their clients’ needs by changing the space of the office. Contraction in clerical work: at the beginning of the last century there was an enormous clerical work, all the companies that were working in this field had offices and employed too many people which needed space, the computer and the internet had made clerical companies unviable and forced too many companies to close, this had caused a contraction in the needed space for clerical work.   All the above factors have helped in the drop in the demand for offices in the big cities such as London and New York. There is a clear imbalance in the property markets in many capital cities and especially in London. The problem determination: Residential properties are getting very expensive and many people are buying them in order to make capital gains on them while the revenues from commercial offices are getting less attractive. Office suppliers are taking huge space in order to build offices that are left empty or partially used.    There are many vacant office spaces in London. The reasons for this problem is the fact that office suppliers did not pay attention to the changes to businesses needs in the UK. Office suppliers are still providing inflexible offices for established large and medium businesses and not for small businesses and entrepreneurs. Proposed solutions: There are long-term and short-term solutions to the problem of office oversupply. We will demonstrate below the importance of each one of them in meeting the changing business needs. We cannot apply long-term solutions straight away because of the nature of the property market. Property building is a long-term process; we cannot change the whole on going building work all of a sudden; that’s why we need to differentiate between long-term and short-term solutions. Short-term solutions: Introducing long-term inflation-linked leases: regarding the buildings that have been built and do not meet the current market needs, Property Suppliers could offer many businesses which have stable market share to sign a long term lease by linking the lease rate to the inflation rate. Linking these lease rates to inflation is very important in recession times where the prices of the companies’ products go down while the cash-out flow stays constant for a long time. These type of inflation-linked products could encourage also many large companies to sign up for bigger buildings in case they needed more staff.   Provides contractual flexibility for medium size companies: provide managed offices: research shows that 70% of businesses have at least one empty desk all over the year, the average cost of this empty desk is  £18,000 each year including central heating, this has created the need for elastic buildings, Spencer, J (no date given), these flexible offices are designed to provide medium term (3-5 years) or even short term office space solutions without the financing and the operational risks associated with long-term conventional needs, managed offices provide phones and Internet to all offices, the building has very small offices and very large offices, this would give small companies the opportunities to move into a bigger office as soon as they expand, this type of office is convenient for small companies which could dismiss or recruit staff in the foreseeable future. Subletting: property providers could give their tenant the right to sublet the property if their business has contracted or if they expanded and they need to move to a bigger building.   Providing Unbundled offices for small businesses and entrepreneurs: as we have discussed above, offices are used for many different things such as holding meetings, having physical presence and working from the office: small businesses and entrepreneurs may need only to hire some elements of the traditional office such as meeting rooms and using the address for sending and receiving mail, this has left the door open to introduce virtual offices which are flexible unbundled products (offices), virtual office provide flexibility and reduce rent rates by 40% and 60%, Grand,C (no date given).  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Virtual offices do not only reduce the costs of establishing small and entrepreneurial businesses but also can be used by many entrepreneurs and reduce the required size of land that is necessary to build offices. Changing building types: building type could affect prices and capacity directly, in this section I will explain the most important changes to building types: Building skyscraper: when property suppliers build skyscrapers they can use every square meter of the land to build as many offices as they can this can reduce the cost of buying the land compared to the number of offices that they can build, skyscrapers create the sense of communication between the companies that occupy it, skyscrapers contain many small and medium size offices, this will give small firms the chance to lease offices in them. Environmentally-friendly buildings: the environment is a concern for many businesses, governments and individuals; building environmentally friendly buildings means using less cement and depending more on glass, this can changed the shape of the buildings and the cost of the building as well, glass is cheaper than cement because it can be recycled there are huge amounts of glass every where which can be recycled, recycling glass is cheaper than manufacturing glass, this can make the buildings look very modern and become cheaper for small businesses which are looking for an office to rent, glass as well is very energy efficient because it traps the heat inside the rooms, this will make the cost of electricity bills much less than normal, buildings of glass need shorter time to build. Cogeneration potential: cogeneration is generating electricity and heat by installing a generator in the building; this generator runs by gas. The government is sponsoring an initiative in order to encourage office providers to design the building in a way to install micro-CHP (combined heat and power), the building which is designed to contain CHP is different from the building that does not have CHP, the building which is designed to have a CHP must have extra space for huge boiler and steam pipes and a generator, installing CHP in offices can help companies cut their electricity bills substantially, CHP generates electricity depending on gas and supplies electricity to all offices directly, the building which have CHP are more likely to sell electricity to those that do not have CHP through the distribution network, this could be a profit offsetting the reduction in the durations and prices of lease.   Corporate hotels: building corporate hotels can provide very important solution to the office market oversupply; these hotels provide short-term accommodation to businessmen who would like to come to a short business trip to cosmopolitan cities such as London, New York and Hong Kong. Corporate hotels provide fully flexible accommodation in offices that are equipped with the latest communication technologies. Long Term: Changing land use: As we have already pointed out, prices of residential properties are going up constantly and there is a housing crisis in London and major cities of the World (New York, Honk Kong). The solution to this problem may be in redistributing the land between offices and residential areas. As we have already seen from the above analysis, there is an over-supply of offices in the UK and many other parts of the World as a result of changing business needs. Companies that need to get offices in the cities are mostly small companies that are looking to grow. Large businesses are making use of the technological advancements that have happened in the last fifty years in order to move to bigger buildings outside the city. Large businesses find it more cost efficient to move to bigger buildings outside the city, the fixed costs of these companies will drop substantially plus the cost of labour outside major cities will be much less than average.    Large businesses make use of video-conferencing and intranet, information technology in contacting other parts of their business or their suppliers and customers. Offices providers should build more large offices outside the city in order to meet the requirements of large businesses. The change in land use includes giving less land to parking in office buildings in the city: The pollution caused by cars are a major cause of climate change, the UK government in its white paper took the responsibility for reducing CO2 emissions, this includes reducing the number of cars used in the city and encouraging using renewable resources as a fuel for cars. The government had imposed the congestion charge as a way to reduce traffic in the city and encourage people using public transportation. This entails building offices with fewer parking spaces than usual. There is enough land to strike a balance between the residential property market and the commercial property market. Commercial properties have to be more concentrated on a limited size of land; building skyscrapers and building more small and medium offices for small companies and entrepreneurs could do this. The rest of the land has to be redistributed to residential properties in order to build more houses and lower the prices of residential properties. New York Experience: New York has a fantastic experience in the offices markets; New York started building skyscrapers a hundred years ago as a way of hosting thousands of small and medium companies that are trying to make success. The prices of land in New York are not as expensive as the prices of land in London but even though New York businessmen found that building skyscrapers will make the cost of having an office cheaper and this will give New York businesses in a better position compared to their London counterparts. New York has used short-term leases and flexible office space as a way to utilise the empty space that the city had. Not only those, but also the prices of New York residential property are cheaper than the residential property of London. Price competition in New York is a way of solving office market oversupply. Hong Kong Experience: Hong Kong is the major player in Asia; this city has witnessed very impressive economic growth rates in the last century. We will try to find out how the offices providers have responded to the increasing demand of offices in that city. Hong Kong has responded to office oversupply by creating the elastic buildings, which could give small businesses the chance to move to bigger or smaller offices as soon as the size of their business expands or shrinks. Honk Kong encourages elastic buildings because they encourage investors to invest their money in Honk Kong. Honk Kong is an emerging market and international investors want to enter and exit the market as required, the elastic building has given them the flexibility in exiting and entering the market and dropped the requirement of capital investment in leases in order to establish a presence in that city. The elastic building helped to solve the problems of office oversupply and undersupply. The city of Hong Kong has introduced corporate housing which is a fully furnished apartment equipped with information technology in order to give the businessman the chance of working from home without hiring an office and wasting time travelling from one area to another. The corporate housing has created an ideal housing for businessmen who came to Hong Kong in order to explore the possibilities of establishing business their. Corporate housing is a major competitor to business hotels, corporate houses have created a very flexible office space, and this has helped in solving the problem of office oversupply. The city of Hong Kong is full of skyscrapers in order to maximise the number of offices built on every square meter of the land. Conclusion: This research has looked at the office market oversupply from economic viewpoint as well as building viewpoint. Introducing flexibility in the contractual relationship between the landlords and the hiring companies and taking into consideration the environmental concerns in building offices can find solutions to office market oversupply. The solution is a mix between changing contractual relationships and building types. The lease has to be flexible in order to fit the requirements of small businesses. Short-term solutions include being aware of the environmental concerns; building environmentally friendly offices can be used as a competitive advantage in order to market these offices. This environmental competitive advantage can be used in increasing demand for offices and making more profit by reducing the costs of heating and building the property. It is very important as well to build more offices outside the major cities in order to meet the needs of large businesses. Office market supply depends on the general economic activity, there is no solution to office market oversupply or undersupply but there are some tools that may help reduce the cyclical effects of the economic activity on the office market. Reference: Grand,C (no date given): Virtual Office: Risk Management, Security, Control and Auditing, institute of internal auditors. Spencer, J (no date given):   The ‘elastic building’ can help you s-t-r-e-t-c-h- your budget

Poverty in Sudan: Trends and Causes

Poverty in Sudan: Trends and Causes To measure the trends of poverty in a systematic way one needs a continuous flow of household-level data pertaining to income and expenditure. The first household budget survey carried out in Sudan was in 1968 followed by the second one on 1978. In 1992 the ILO funded the migration and labor force survey. Also, in 1992 the Social Solidarity fund funded the poverty line survey. In 1994, Ali adopts a direct approach to assess the impact of the Structural Adjustment Programs (SAPs) (1978-1986) on poverty in Sudan. However, and before reviewing poverty in Sudan let us glimpse the factors behind poverty in Sudan. Causes of Poverty The causes of rural poverty in Sudan are to be found in the sustained urban bias of the development strategies adopted since independence. This tended to neglect the traditional agricultural sector where the vast majority of population lives and is the main source of rural livelihood. This has resulted in high rural to urban migration unaccompanied by either increased productivity in the sector or sufficient urban development to generate the necessary urban employment opportunities. Note that the development of the agricultural sector was completely ignored but it was dichotomous in nature in the sense that the Islands of modern irrigated agriculture coexisted side by side with the vast traditional rain –fed agriculture. While the former benefited from modern scale specific technologies and market access, the latter lagged behind in terms of production technologies, finance, management, research, extension, market access and rural roads. As a result of this unbalanced urban/ru ral development structure, the traditional agricultural sector continued to be the major source of limited supply of unskilled labor to urban centers thereby swelling the ranks of the informal labor markets where there is little employment at or near the subsistence wage level. This has also exerting additional pressures on the already limited and over stretched social services and facilities. These trends were further aggravated by those displaced by both natural (rainfall failures leading to famines) and manmade disasters. El Tahir M. Nur (1992). In addition and throughout the period since independence, there has been a clear pro- urban bias in policies adopted by successive governments. These manifested themselves in the provision of a reasonably adequate social and economic infrastructure not matched by similar facilities in the rural areas. These pro- urban biases were further strengthened by the long running policies of subsidizing a variety of goods consumed by urban population. However, such goods were out of reach of many of most of the urban poor particularly, the recent migrants from rural areas who represent the poorest of the urban poor who are manually employed in the marginal jobs in the informal sector. But, it must pointed out that most of these consumption subsidies have been abolished under the recent economic reform programs, though electricity and piped water are still subsidized such that piped water is cheaper in urban than in rural areas. The effects of urban bias were further aggravated by government ma rketing policies for some of the major export crops mostly grown in rural traditional sector, where export monopolies very much along the lines of the old marketing boards, were established for Gum Arabic, oilseeds (abolished in late 1980s) and more recently livestock. This marketing structure has adversely affected farmers’ incomes, their incentives to increase production and their chances to raise their living standards. In the context of poverty alleviation, the current marketing structure for those exports needs radical reform. As discussed above, causes of poverty are more complex. Part of the explanation is certainly the lack of rural focus in the various development efforts since independence. The other part of the explanation relates to the basic characteristics of the traditional sector. In other words, it is vulnerability that constitutes the major cause of impoverishment and deprivation in the traditional sector. The unstable climatic conditions of rural Sudan, with their characteristics of frequent rainfall variability, have from time immemorial altered rural producers to the periodic oscillation from feast to famine situations. A basic strategy of rural producers was and continues to be hoarding of surpluses in good years to transcend the hardships of lean years. Furthermore, conflict in Sudan, as in elsewhere; represent the most devastating factor to nation’s infrastructure and welfare. Therefore, the civil strife took place in various parts of the country since independence, represents one of the most ravaging factors and has a tremendous impact on poverty situation in the country. Thus, southern Sudan was the most severe conflict and has been counted as the most destructive elements of development in the whole country. The war has also resulted in numerous cases of Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs) and returnees whose situation become aggravated after they were but in zero stage of living. The problems of debt and the deterioration in donor community relations have also a tremendous effect on the poverty situation in Sudan. The International Institutions such World Bank and African Development Bank used to finance several sectoral developmental projects that have a direct impact on population welfare. However, the absence of those institutions has resulted in an un-bridged gap in terms of resources availability that reduces employment opportunities. Magnitude and poverty trends It is most important to note that the poverty trends differ very slightly and sometimes vary greatly between groups. In general terms, the number of the poor people in rural areas has increased with a rate nearly equal to the rate of population increase. And the number of the poor urban household has increased at a higher rate than the urban population growth rate. This situation was created due to immigration took place from the rural areas to urban centers responding to the economic incentives consistent with the objectives of maintaining industrial revolution centered in urban sector. However, as we mentioned earlier, the industrial sector was not able to absorb the rural migration. An elaboration of poverty situation will be presented in the sub-periods below depending mainly on studies made by Ali Abdel Gadir: â€Å"Poverty and Structural Adjustment Programs in Sudan†. The trend of head count index in Sudan over this period (1968-1978) had been increasing at an annual rate of 0.5% Annex 4. Over the same period, the number of rural households had been growing at a rate equal to the rural population growth rate while the number of poor urban households had been growing at a rate higher than the urban population growth rate. Over the same period, the poverty gap ratio in the whole country had been decreasing at an annual growth rate of 0.64%. This shows that although poverty had been spreading at an annual rate of 0.5 % over the period, the economic conditions of the poor had improved over the same period. The rural urban poverty structure emerged as a result of a hasty adoption of dual economy development modules that advocate development through the transfer of cheap labor from the rural traditional sector (agriculture) to the urban modern sector (industry). Urban modern wage sector failed to absorb the rural migrants and marginal urban jobs by the rural migrants (the informal sector) proved not to be a stepping stone to the formal wage sector. During the period (1978-1986) the headcount index increased from 54.3% in 1978 to 77.8% in 1986 at an annual rate of increase 4.6% and the rural urban poverty disparity was that the rural headcount index for urban increase from 20.5% in 1978 to 52.9% in 1986. However, the rural incidence of poverty (83.1) remained higher than the incidence of urban poverty (53%). However, the period had witnessed that the incidence of urban poverty had been growing at a higher annual rate 12.6% than the rural (3.3%). Meanwhile, the number of poor families in Sudan increased from 1.7 million in 1978 to 2.7 million in 1986 in an annual rate of 6.2% which is higher than the population growth rate. Up to 1986, the number of the poor rural families exceeded the number of the urban poor families by 2.33 million but growth rate of the poor urban families exceeded that of rural by 9.4% percentage points ( Nur, 2003:5). The observed high pace of the incidence of urban poverty (12.6%) over the period (1978-1986) was attributed to the structural adjustment programs (SAPs) and the urban bias development policies (i.e. the development that overlooks the rural areas without creating enough urban jobs) coupled with urban poverty growing faster than rural poverty. Sudan poverty gap index, over the period (1978-1986) increased from 23.1% in 1978 to 45.4% in 1986 at an annual rate of increase of 8.8%. This implies that, given the incidence of poverty, the income gap ratio increased from 42.6% in 1987 to 58.4% in 1986 at an annual rate of increase of 3.9%. By contrast, during the period (1968-1976) the incidence of poverty has been increasing at an annual rate of 0.5% but poverty and income gap ratio has been decreasing at an annual rates of 0.64% and both 1.2% respectively (improve economic conditions of the poor). Comparing the two periods, we notice that the poverty levels, both in urban and rural, have in creased sharply. Therefore, the situation has become more and more complicated and the existing social safety nets ( Zakat and other social funds) were unable to address the phenomena at that time. During this period, the incidence of poverty has also increasing. The national headcount index increased from 77.8% in 1986 to 91.4% in 1992. The rural and urban headcount indexes increased from 82.1% to 93.2% and from 52.9% to 84.4% respectively. In addition to, the number of poor households increased from 2.71 million, in 1986 to 3.43 million in 1992 at an annual rate of increase of 4% (Nur, 2003:7). The poverty trend is shown below in Annex 4.The national poverty gap index increased at an annual rate of 1.7% over the period (1986-1992). The rural and urban poverty indices increased at an annual rate of 1.4% and 2.9% respectively. The national urban mean income of the poor as a ratio of the poverty line decreased over this period from 0.42 to 0.33, from 0.54 to 0.43, and from 0.38 to 0.22 respectively. This indicates that poverty had been deepened all over the country, particularly in the rural areas. Generally, three main poverty indicators namely, the head count index, the income gap index and poverty gap index, had been increasing at an increasing rate all over the period. It is also revealed that structural rural and urban forms of poverty exist in Sudan since 1986 and continued to exist at higher rates. Again, the continued urban bias characterized development in Sudan, overlooked the agricultural sector, lead to reduction in rural livelihoods. The result is that high rates of rural migration took place without creating sufficient employment opportunities for immigrants, coupled with displacement resulting natural and manmade disasters has worsened the situation. The public spending on social services like health and education was reduced and the poor are obliged to pay for these essential services, putting more pressure on their earnings in the formal sector defected their coping efforts to catch up with the rising cost of living. During this period, there is a serious vacuum in the data about poverty and other human indicators that have direct or indirect relation with surveys. Therefore, this period depend very much on perceptions and nobody dared to come out with results on poverty since no recognized survey oriented research is conducted in this field. However, several attempts were undertaken to tackle the issue. These attempts were not able to cover that huge gap through time (i.e. time series data to cover the period 1994-2003), although, they were able to produce an acceptable results and arguments that could be used as a proxy for the poverty phenomena in Sudan. The most interesting attempt has conducted by Eltahir M. Nur â€Å"Human Poverty in Sudan (2000); Magnitude and Distribution† then updated in 2003. Human Poverty As poverty in the human development perspective manifests itself in the deprivation of lives that people can lead, Tahir Nur methodology identified three main areas of human deprivation that correspond to the three human choices. These areas of deprivation include deprivation in survival, deprivation in knowledge, and deprivation in economic provisioning. Size and distribution in deprivation in Survival Deprivation in survival is all over the country but particularly high in the rural areas. While the rural national averages of means or the probabilities that a person will die before age 40, a child will die before age 5, and an infant will die before his (her) first birthday are 20.2%, 10.5%, and 7.2%, the urban national means of the same poverty indicators are 19.4%, 9.95% and 6.89% respectively for North Sudan where data is available, are 22.77%, 11.73%, and 8.10% respectively. From this comparison, we conclude that in terms of South–North, urban deprivation in the South is higher than that in the North but the differences in poverty indicators are small. Within the North, the rural deprivation in survival is higher than the urban one and again the rural urban differences in poverty indicators are small. Looking at the state rural ranking of poverty, we note that the top five states in rural poverty are the Red Sea, the Blue Nile, Kassala, South Kurdufan, and North Darfur. Their group means of the three poverty indicators (29.66%, 15.52%, and 10.52%) are higher than the national means (23.59%, 12.3%, and 8.334%) of the same poverty indicators. We also note that the states with the least rural deprivation in survival are El Giezira, the northern, the River Nile, North Kordufan, West Kurdufan, and South Darfur– arranged by the order of being the least poor state. The probability that a person will die before age 40 is the largest component of the deprivation survival index throughout the States – a great loss of productive human capital. Size and distribution of the deprivation in knowledge The rural national deprivation is almost double the urban national deprivation in knowledge. While the rural national means of inaccessibility to media, adults illiteracy rate, basic education dropout rate, and secondary education dropout rate are 67.2%, 27.4%, 9.8%, and 53.6%, the urban national means of the same poverty indicators are 42.4%, 15.8%, 26.8%, and 27.4% respectively. Therefore, priority in the re-education of the deprivation in knowledge should go to rural areas. Provision of basic and secondary education service is vital for the reduction in the deprivation in knowledge because education dropout rate is the major component of the deprivation in knowledge index in all the States and across the board of rural and urban location. The rate of inaccessibility to media (radio and T.V) is the largest component of the rural deprivation in knowledge index. Upon raking the states by the basic education dropout rate, the States of the Blue Nile, North Kurdufan, West Darfur, North Darfur, and South Kurdufan come top in the state – level rural profile of the deprivation in knowledge. Their rural group means of inaccessibility to media (75%), adults illiteracy rate (29.3%), basic education dropout rate (69.6%), and secondary education dropout rate (71.1%) are higher than the national rural means (67.2%, 27.4%, 49.8%, and 53.6%) of the same poverty indicators respectively. For the national urban poverty ranking, while the blue Nile and west Darfur states retain their positions among, Wau, and Malakal replaced North Kurdufan north Darfur, as South Kurdufan as top poor urban areas in knowledge. While rural Khartoum is among the middle poor state in knowledge, urban Khartoum is among the least poor states in knowledge. In view of these results, basic, secondary, and adults education services should be extended to the rural areas with emp hasis on the top five poor states. Size and distribution of the deprivation in economic provisioning Rural national deprivation in economic provisioning is higher than the urban national one. The rural national means of the proportion of people with no access to electricity (75.5%), with no access to safe drinking water (46.7%), with poor sanitation (46.5%), dependent on the use of biomass energy (79.6%), below food poverty line (55.9%) are higher than the urban national means except for the head count index (80.9%) and the proportion of people dependent on the use of biomass energy (82.8%) which are higher in the urban areas. However, the rural national mean of the composite poverty index (59%) is higher than urban national mean of the composite poverty index (54%). Therefore, rural areas rank number one in the deprivation of economic provisioning. On average, while the proportion of people who have no access to electricity (75.5%) and that of those who depend on the use of biomass energy (79.6%) are the highest rural poverty indicators the latter (82.8%) and the proportion of thos e who are below food poverty line (80.9%) are the highest urban poverty indicator The experience of the Sudan, however, is unique. Some studies came out with, â€Å"despite the relatively high growth, evidence seems to suggest that its effect did not trickle down considerably to reduce poverty or expand formal employment opportunities†. Ibrahim A. Ibrahim et al (2001:11) While people expecting the poverty levels be reduced as the country’s GDP increased, there is strong allegation that poverty is increasing. In conclusion, while worldwide benefited from the global economic growth, Sudan did get to know that experience and the effect of economic growth on poverty is still very minute in general perception. Although, the prompt reason to think about is the mal-distribution of income, yet, the situation has many other interpretations and this area will further be elaborated in coming paper.

Elasticity of Demand for Lottery Tickets Essay -- Economics Economy Fi

Elasticity of Demand for Lottery Tickets Elasticity is the responsiveness of demand or supply to the changes in prices or income. There are various formulas and guidelines to follow when trying to calculate these responses. For instance, when the percentage of change of the quantity demanded is greater then the percentage change in price, the demand is known to be price elastic. On the other hand, if the percentage change in demand is less than then the percentage change in price; Like that of demand, supply works in a similar way. When the percentage change of quantity supplied is greater than the percentage change in price, supply is know to be elastic. When the percentage change of quantity supplied is less then the percentage change in price, then the supply then demand is known to be price inelastic. The following text is real world examples of these economic principles. They have been provided to build a bridge between current economic situations and economic principles of elasticity. The Demand for Lotto: The Role of Conscious Selection In this article is a discussion about the elasticity of demand for lottery tickets. Time series data was used in a way in which the expected value of the lottery ticket would vary due to rollovers (Farrel 1). It was found that there are far more rollovers than expected given the lottery design (Farrel 1). There was also some strong evidence found that supported that individuals did not pick their numbers in a uniform matter. The inverse supply function was found by using estimates that enabled them to identify the demand elasticity (Farrel 1). This analysis was based on the U.K. National Lottery that came about November 1994. With this in mind we realize that because game designs are similar throughout the world, these findings are more widely relevant (Farrel 1). The price elasticity of demand for lottery tickets shows that demand varies depending on the expected return from a winning ticket (Farrel 1). From this we deduce that this elasticity is relevant to the design of the lottery (Farrel 1). The way that the demand elasticity is derived is by comparing the rollover weeks with the non-rollover weeks. By doing this, the normal demand is recorded during the non-rollover weeks to see what level the demand is usually at. Then from there they can see how the demand increases as the lott... ...ing how some studies and economic research has been taking place and where. I found some of the studies to be trivial. This meaning that the authors used creative techniques to figure and estimate some of the elasticities. I also found it interesting how I could relate to the real life situations such as the Lottery. For example, when the lottery starts rolling over it creates a hype, and the demand goes up. I was always aware of this phenomenon but never realized what it actually was. Bibliography: Work Cited Farrell, Lisa; Hartley, Roger; Lanot, Gauthier; Walker, Ian The Demand for Lotto: The Role of Conscious Selection, Journal of Business & Economic Statistics, Apr2000, Vol. 18 Issue 2. Mason, Paul M.; Steagall, Jeffrey W., The elasticity of demand for lotto tickets and the corresponding welfare effects., Public Finance Review, Sep97, Vol. 25, Issue 5. Rashid, Muhammad; Mitra, Devashis, Price Elasticity of Demand and an Optimal Cash Discount Rate in Credit Policy, Financial Review, Aug99, Vol. 34 Issue. Montgomery, Alan L.; Rossi, Peter E., Estimating Price Elasticities with Theory-Based Priors, Journal of Marketing Research, Nov99, Vol. 36 Issue 4.

Global Workforce Integration Essay -- Labor Outsourcing Integrating Es

Global Workforce Integration Outsourcing, offshoring, and workforce globalization. Those words were voiced late 1999 in Seattle inside and outside the World Trade Organization meeting. Damages in Seattle amounted to $2.5 million, and 500 plus protesters were arrested. 3 In those days, outsourcing was about moving manufacturing jobs to developing countries to take advantage of the lower salary there. The affected blue-collar US workers were acting violently out of anger and frustration since their jobs were taken away. White collar population didn ¡Ã‚ ¯t voice any opinions about the issue back then, since US had the largest demand for white collar workers. Today, white collar workers are feeling the pressure of outsourcing in America and starting to discuss the matter seriously. According to researchers at UC Berkeley, 1 in 10 current job positions in the US can be outsourced, while 1 in 6 Silicon Valley jobs are vulnerable to outsourcing. 4 Since software facilitates the white collar job outsourcing and software development is one field most prone to outsourcing, I will focus on the outsourcing issues related to software. I have chosen three specific computer companies  ¨C Peoplesoft, Oracle, HP  ¨C to discuss their outsourcing trends and make inferences about the global effects. In the end, I hope to arrive at a decision about outsourcing from the ethical analysis of the outsourcing issue. But first, let ¡Ã‚ ¯s have a look at why outsourcing is being applied to white collar job positions today. Why Outsource? A major reason for outsourcing is pay difference. Even though we have currency exchange rates between different countries ¡Ã‚ ¯ currencies, the exchange rates are only for monetary values and don ¡Ã‚ ¯t sh... ... d=20040221 3. Seattle Post-Intelligencer, The WTO Legacy, http://seattlepi.nwsource.com/wto/ 4. San Francisco Chronicle, Looking Offshore, Feb 7th, 2004, http://www.sfgate.com/cgi- bin/article.cgi?file=/chronicle/archive/2004/03/07/BUGMJ5FA9G1.DTL 5. Yahoo Currency, http://finance.yahoo.com/m5?a=1&s=USD&t=CNY 6. SFC 7. SFC 8. A. Aneesh, Programming Globalization: Technological Modes of Labor Integration, forthcoming 9. WebEx, http://www.webex.com 10. SFC 11. SFC 12. SFC 13. SFC 14. SFC 15. NEELESH MISRA, Associated Press Writer, Yahoo News, March 12th, 2004, http://story.news.yahoo.com/news? tmpl=story&u=/ap/20040312/ap_on_bi_ge/india_outsourcing_1 16. SFC 17. SFC 18. SCU, Engineering Handbook - Ethics, http://cseserv.engr.scu.edu/NQuinn/COEN288/EngrHandbook_Ethics.pdf 19. SCU 20. SCU

Charitable Works of Muhammad Ali :: Biography

Muhammad Ali is important in many ways. First, his boxing career success inspired many people to follow their dreams to attain greatness. Second, Muhammad Ali and Peter Arnell founded G.O.A.T. (Greatest of All Time) (Our). G.O.A.T. is a food and beverage company that seeks to inspire young adults to eat smarter, to live healthier lives, and to rise above their current status. G.O.A.T. products are expected to come out early next year. Third, Muhammad Ali has raised over fifty million dollars for charities throughout the world. Finally, although Ali retired from the sport in 1981, he showed his love for it by inspiring the Muhammad Ali Boxing Reform Act. This act promotes fairness in boxing. I have learned many new things about Muhammad Ali. Previously, I thought he was the greatest boxer of all time, however after my researching, I think he is one of the greatest persons of all time. I never would have guessed that by the time he was 19 years old he had already won six Kentucky Golden Gloves, two National Golden Gloves, two National AAU Titles, and an Olympic gold medal (Howard). I never knew that Ali refused to join the army because of his religion. Because of this, his boxing license was cancelled. He was stripped of his title, and was sentenced to five years in prison for draft evasion. The Supreme Court, however, reversed the draft evasion conviction on June 29, 1971, and Ali continued his boxing career. I did not know that Muhammad Ali was honored as a United Nations messenger of peace and went to Iraq in 1990 to negotiate and successfully get fifteen United States hostages released. Ali also received the Medal of Freedom last November. Ali's impact on today's society is enormous because of his success in everything he does. You can visit the Muhammad Ali Center in Louisville, Kentucky, and learn about Ali the poet, Ali the boxer, and Ali the dreamer (Visitor). The Muhammad Ali Center also offers an exhibit where you can learn about Ali's life. The Muhammad Ali Center is a non-profit organization and donations support the vision, preserve the legacy, and promote a global community. Ali has inspired many people through his boxing and through his peace work. He is a role model in whom one can find humor, equality, and good character.

The Ohio Gang

Hilary Barrett April 13, 2009 Ohio History Dr. Patrick Thieving Their Way into History In 1919 World War I had come to an end. Ten years later the stock market crashed throwing the United States into a Great Depression. The time period in between was a time that was classified by a boom in the economy and prohibition legalized by the eighteenth amendment. This amendment had lead to an increase of organized crime nationwide. In that time span of these two prominent moments in American history was one of the most scandalous presidencies in American history. It came from no other than Ohioan Warren G.Harding. Harding can be considered one of the worst presidents of all time. He won the Presidential election of 1920 which made him officially the President in January of 1921. Once he became president, he immediately made up his cabinet. Three members of his cabinet included his attorney general Harry Daugherty, his secretary of the navy Edwin Denby, and his secretary of the interior Alber t Fall. These three men along with Charles Forbes, Thomas Miller and Jess Smith were coined ‘The Ohio Gang’. ‘The Ohio Gang’ was a group of men either in Harding’s cabinet or they directly knew Harding.Although some of the members are not from Ohio, they were coined this name due to their relation to Harding. In fact a majority of the members were not from Ohio. Harding let these men do as they pleased. These men single handily put together some of the biggest scams of the 1920’s. The scandals they pulled off were neither elaborate or spectacular but they made a ton of money off of them. Daugherty was Harding’s first appointed cabinet member. The beginnings of ‘The Ohio Gang’ surfaced while Daugherty was in office. He was accused of selling his vote for five thousand dollars.From that point on any kind of scandal relating to Daugherty and had an affiliation with President Harding went simultaneously with ‘The Ohio Gan g’. In a nutshell, as soon as Daugherty was appointed by Harding, the gang began their scandals. Not only that, Daugherty was the single backing of all of the scandals that occurred during Harding’s presidency. For all tense and purposes Daugherty was the backbone of ‘The Ohio Gang’. The Department of Justice at the time had two desks with the names Jess Smith and Howard Mannington on them. Jess Smith was a long time friend of Daugherty. Daugherty and his brother actually set Smith up in business.Mannington was a long time political companion of Smith. They had both worked in Columbus together. Both Smith and Mannington were brought to Washington to help the attorney general. Mannington was released from his office though. Harding believed that Mannington was becoming too reckless for his administration and sent him to Cuba. He had slight affiliations with the gang but never really lived them out the affilations as much as the other members did. He went th ere on behalf of the largest banking company in the United States and was then no longer officially associated with ‘The Ohio Gang’.The 1920’s was a time of prohibition and having someone who was considered an alcoholic as a President only lead to scandal. The only part of ‘The Ohio Gang’ that related to Mannington was the embezzlement of alcohol to New York. John Gorini, Bill Orr, and Mannington would illegally sell permits. The money for these permits was given to Gorini, then to Orr, then to Mannington. Then if you would actually want to buy liquor you could at an extra cost. Every member of the chain of sales got a little kickback. Gorini alone made over two hundred thousand dollars in a matter of four months.Orr and Mannington also got cuts that big and sometimes bigger. Also, Manningtons right hand man, Jess Smith, also got a cut. The rest of the money made on the selling of alcohol and permits was not known by Gorini where it ended up. This wa s the only relation that Mannington had to the gang. Since he was gone before anything major had happened, he was the only one who got away without repercussion. He became rich and went on to have a very successful life. ‘The Ohio Gang’ even went and had their scandals go international. A Japanese man had a connection with Mitsui and Company.The bankers of this company handed one hundred one thousand dollar bills to the Japanese man. He in turn gave the bills to Gaston B. Means. Means originally worked for the Bureau of Investigation in Ohio. Means then handed over all of the money to Jess Smith. That was a grand total of 100,000 dollars made with just this one company. Harry Daugherty never seemed to be out of the action in all of the scandals that ‘The Ohio Gang’ was a part of. It started with alien property custodian Thomas Miller. He had accepted bribes by Smith to illegally transfer a German-owned American subsidiary to the American firm.John King also had a part in this scandal. He manipulated the alien property custodian’s office to his own benefit. He died right after he was indicted for this case. It was found that he left his widow fifty thousand dollars in American Metals bonds. Daugherty is connected because all three of these men were indicted for this case. It was the case that eventually leads to the demise of the head of ‘The Ohio Gang’. The biggest scandal that ‘The Ohio Gang’ pulled off was the Teapot Dome Scandal. The Teapot Dome is an area of oil bearing land in Wyoming and Elks Hills in California.The land had been set aside for the Navy in order to provide them with petroleum. Edwin Denby was the Navy Secretary at the time. He had almost complete control of what happened to this area. Albert Fall, who was the secretary of interior, was illegally leasing the land to two oil companies; the Mammoth Oil Company and the pan American Petroleum Company. In return, Fall would receive pers onal loans or gifts from the two different oil companies. Once the scandal came to a close, Fall had made over four hundred thousand dollars in loans or gifts.Fall resigned his position once authorities found out what exactly was going on in Wyoming and California. During the U. S. investigation, Denby was called to the stand. Since he was the one who was supposed to be watching the area one would think that he would have known exactly what was going on. Yet, he was another pawn of Daugherty and came to the stand and basically pleaded the fifth. It was clear that during his confession that he was too stupid to be crooked like the rest and just went along with what Daugherty or Harding wanted him to do.Due to the way he acted during the interrogation, he is known as Harding’s best employee since he did not confess to anything. During the Senate hearing, it came to the court that Fall used the money to pay off ten years of backed taxes. Two people also came to the stand and adm itted that they had leased land from Fall. They were Harry Sinclair and Edward Dohney. They both admitted to giving Fall large loans in order to lease off the land. Fall pleaded the fifth on these two accusations. Fall was found guilty on accepting money for oil leases. He was fined one hundred thousand dollars and sent to a year in jail.All of the oilfields were returned to the U. S. Navy. Charles Forbes was appointed by President Harding as the director of the Bureau of Veteran’s affairs. It was created by President Harding in order to help out veterans of World War One and future veterans of other possible wars. It has been since renamed and still holds some status today. Forbes did serve in WWI in the marines and had a reputation as being a deserter. Once Forbes received his rank from Harding, he immediately gave himself the honor of being a colonel in the United States Army.Also, the biggest scandal of the Bureau of Veteran’s affairs was that Forbes embezzled two hundred and fifty million dollars. This money was collected to help out various veterans and Forbes kept it for himself and the gang. As quickly as ‘The Ohio Gang’ came to power, they fell just as hard. Harding died on August 2, 1923. It has been said that he died from pneumonia yet it also could have been a heart attack. With this Calvin Coolidge came into office since he was Harding’s Vice-President. Once Coolidge took the oath of the oval office, ‘The Ohio Gang’ and their dominance in scandalous political events was over.The gang had put most of their funds that they received in a bank that Daugherty’s son burned to the ground. All of the embezzled money was mostly now gone. A perfectly good reason for this was so the authorities would not see the bank books of the gang. This way they could not arrest them on charges of tax invasion as well as the ones that they were facing already. Another place that the money ended up was in Means backyar d. Means had back gate that was opened with a special key. It was in some ways almost as good as a bank vault. It was camouflaged with vines so the average person would not see it.It was a small steel box that was lowered into the ground by a strong rope. Means kept the money that Smith had bought to him. He always kept a detailed account on how much money was coming in and how much was going out. At times, Means had as little as fifty thousand dollars and as much as five hundred thousand dollars in his backyard. Smith would usually make withdrawals and go right to Daugherty’s house. Jess Smith always had a key role in the gangs constant thieving. Smith was Daugherty’s right hand man. He helped Daugherty get much of his money. Smith had brought a revolver in Columbus the night before he committed suicide.Daugherty was with Smith the night he had bought the gun. Daugherty had gone to sleep and was awakened to Smith rolling around with a revolver in his hand. Smith was n ot dead yet, but he was on the point of going crazy and shooting himself. The next night he had been rooming with a friend of Daugherty. This person was awakened by a crash and saw Smith with his head in a waste basket and a revolver in his right hand. One of the main members was now dead and Daugherty was coming up on indictment. Not much is known why Smith killed himself but much can be assumed. The main theory is that Smith knew way too much.If Daugherty and Harding were the master minds, Smith was their associate handing out tasks to all of their little pawns; he knew everything. Most historians think that he killed himself because he did not want to go through the agony of trial along with spilling the inner most workings of the gang. Charles Forbes was the next one to go. He was brought to trial on a conviction of embezzlement. Yet, he stood no chance. Once his actions went public, he was immediately convicted of embezzlement. He received a one hundred thousand dollar fine and two years in jail.His actions brought attention to the American public. It showed just how distrustful government officials are among the American people. Ironically Daugherty was forced to investigate most of the stuff that was going on during Harding’s presidency. Congress, at the time, said that Daugherty was doing a poor job investigating these cases. Once Daugherty backed Smith for his suicide, which he claimed it was just illness; the Senate launched an investigation on him. Daugherty was not directly linked to anything that the gang did. Yet, Daugherty still resigned his post as attorney general.It was a sketchy move that a lot of people still question. It was not until Hoover’s administration that all of the members of ‘The Ohio Gang’ were out of office. They were a modern day mob, who had all of the resources to get what they wanted. Harding’s presidency is solidified with their actions and should rightfully so. He headed the most scandalo us cabinets in presidential history. All of the members were not the brightest in the bunch but they got what they wanted. Although they paid the price for their actions, they will go down as the biggest bunch of crooks to ever step into such high authority as they did.