Little Red Riding Hood Essay Example for Free

Little exit Riding Hood EssayIn 1814 Gordon Bryson wrote a verse about the timelessness, and grace of a unnamed women. She walks in Beauty describes the inner and outer beauty of a women. Gordon Bryon was noted as a m spoken rape as he wedded his half sister, and various women (Clugston, 2010). In the lyric poem She walks in Beauty, Byron used metaphors like raven tress, and climes, and starry skies to describe her coarse jet black hair, and her elegance. A lyric poem is a brief poem that expresses feelings and imagination its melody and emotion create a dominant, unified model (Clugston, 2010). In this essay, I will explore how Bryson uses metaphors, and images like light, and darkness to set the tone in She walks in Beauty. In the eldest stanza in She walks in Beauty, lines one, and 2 She walks in beauty, like the night does not ends with any puncuation, or pause at the end because it carries over to the next sentence Of cloudless climes and starry skies (Clugston, 2010, 7. 1, space-reflection symmetry 2). This technique is called enjambment. A enjambment is a continuation of a thought in a line of poetry into a succeeding line, uninterapped by punctuation (Clugston, 2010, 11. , space-reflection symmetry 2). Bryon expressed how ones beauty can be viewed on a clear night with stars lining the sky. His view of her beauty, and silhouette is cosmic.She walks in Beauty is a lyric poem which express a poets thoughts and imagination, Its melody and emotion created adominant, unified impression (Clugston, 2010). The images being created in the first six lines of She walks in Beauty suggests that a womens physical appearance is classic like a poli run out baby grand piano dark with shinny white keys And all thats top hat of dark and bright (Clugston, 2010, 11. , para 5).The sixth, and seventh line in the poem emphasizes the similarities surrounded by light and dark to describe her elegance. at the end of tthe different forms of symbolisation used to de scribe the first version of Little chromatic Riding Hood. In the first of She walks in Beauty The content in the original and remakes of this level is constant in each one. The Little Red Riding Hood that I remembered reading when I was a small child was told as a young woman who was following the orders of her mother to deliver some baked goods to her merchantmanridden grandmother.The role of the wolf is the same as well he is further thinking of a cunning way to eat her without being caught in the process. The theme of the original Little Red Riding Hood is a recital of her entering women hood, not her taking cakes to her sick grandmother. The term theme means a representation of the idea behind the story (Clugston, 2010, 7. 1, para 2). When the story was first published in 1697, Europeans easily identified the coalition of the story translating that act of sex. In the French slang, when a girl lost her virginity it was said that elle a vu le loupshed seen the wolf(Clugston, 2010, 4. , para 2).In the engraving of the first tale from 1697, it shows Little Red Riding Hood partially dressed lying in the bed beneath a wolf. The tale explains how Little Red Riding Hood stripes out off her clothes at the wolves requested without question (Clugston, 2010, 4. 1, para 2). In fact, tales such as Red Riding Hood and Sleeping Beauty were pan-European phenomena, predating even Perrault, with provenances tracing as far back as the place Ages and Ancient Greece. Nevertheless, Perraults influence on the transmission of fairy tales to many parts of the Continent was tremendous.Charles Perraults stories were not original creations, but collected oral material edited and fashioned by him into print (Paradiz, 2009, p. 96). The story of Little Red Riding Hood as interpreted by Charles Perrault has Little Red Riding Hood being sent by her mother who loved her dearly to walk to the next village to deliver food to her ill grandmother. On the way to deliver the baked goods, sh e meets a wolf. A wolf who had not eaten in three days decides not to eat her, as there were woodcutters near that would hear the attack.While speaking with the wolf he tricks Little Red Riding Hood into disclosing the location of her grandmothers cottage. As Little Red Riding Hood is a small child, the wolf took advance of her being a naive, and friendly. She disobeyed the cardinal rule that adults constantly reminders their child of do not forbear for, or talk to strangers (the irony of the story is that her mother does not tell her that speaking with strangers is wrong). The term irony is a discrepancy or contradiction that occurs between what is expected to happened and what actually happens in a situation or in an expressed statement (Clugston, 2010, 5. 5, para 3).

Student-Relations Officer Essay Example for Free

Student-Relations Officer EssayI am proud of my achievements because I worked hard to seduce alone of these. In moary Three I earned the semester award for the highest history aver grow. I receive the said award 3 consecutive times, bulls eye me as the student with the highest history average in the entire school. I was also awarded with the highest English average twice, with both of the classes being an equivalent of Grade 10 History and English, respectively (although chronologically only an equivalent of Grade 9).In addition to the aforementioned awards, I also achieved an A on English during the Second Language IGCSE Examinations, an A on E Math IGCSE examinations, and a B in the History IGCSE Examinations. All the said examinations were all taken a yr earlier than normal (I was in Grade 9, and 14 years old, the regular being at the completion of Grade 10 and 16 years old) all the IGCSEs the equivalent of Grade 11 subjects relative to their counterpart subjects in Can ada.I also bagged the third prize during the Science Forum with my team around the corresponding time. Additionally, I was elected as a Student-Relations Officer, wherein my responsibility is to hold forums for students and votes and statistics on student views and opinions. In spite all of my achievements, I pride myself more on the distinction I have here in Canada.If any of the accomplishments stand out, I believe it is my completion of grade 11 with five subjects at the age of fifteen with a nineties average that truly counts as a special achievement. It is in hardship, dedication and passion that one person can succeed. As I look back and recall all of my achievements, I believe I have what it takes to be successful in my chosen field someday.

A History Of Indian Tourism

A History Of Indian touristryThere argon a total of industries that figure out a pivotal role in the phylogeny of nations. Tourism being atomic number 53 such industry that has emerged as the largest global industry in the 20th century and is projected to grow tear down faster during the current century. Tourism when taken in its true sense has following characteristicsResource establish industry and consumes resourcesCreates wasteSpecific infrastructure needsAll the characters are linked to the accessible fabric of the host community. It has social, cultural and environmental impacts with a incident of over consumption. The conceptual structure of the project aims to investigate the problems and advantages of nursing home conciliate touristry in Kerala, from an owners perspective. In this section the researcher attempts to explore the areas such asHistory of Indian touristryBackground of Kerala comment of tourismsustainable tourismCommunity based tourismHomestay tourism holidaymaker motivationTourist satisfactionRelevant researchHistory of Indian TourismIndia is a centre of two ancient civilizations of the world called the Indus valley civilization, and the Aryan civilization. Tourism increase in India started in the early sixties. By that time roughly of the other countries have achieved a remarkable progress in this area and has exploited to upper limit possible extent. The best way to introduce India as a holidaymaker destination to foreigners is that India is a country of all seasons and all reasons. Indias tourism resources have forever been considered immense. The geographical features are diverse, colorful and varied. As such the resource potential is so much that it toilette cater to all kinds and tastes of tourists.India has an ancient tradition of tourism. It existed as an industry in the informal sector in ancient times and was indulged in by all classes of plenty. Mark Twain aptly remarked nigh India on India National Tourism Po licy 2002 that India is one country that is endowed with an imperishable interest for alien prince and alien peasant, for the lettered and the ignorant, the wise and the fool, the rich and the poor, the bonded and the free one agriculture that all men desire to see and once seen, by even a glimpse, would not give the glimpse for all the shows of all the rest of the worldly concern combined. The unity of India lies in its diversity people bound together by centuries of common traditions, faith and philosophy Pran Nath, Sushma 1993.Indian tourism industry has recorded a phenomenal yield especially from 1990s in terms of both international and domestic tourists arrivals Honnappa, Ramakrishna 2006. The ministry of Indian tourism has launched a new programme called Athithi Devo Bhavah which essence guest is god. The inspiration behind this expression is to respect because respect has always been an essential part of Indian soul. Tourism, which is the third largest foreign deputis e earner in India, has started gaining prominence to the public agenda only in recent years. M some(prenominal) countries in the world are relying on tourism as one of the instantaneous growing sectors. In the Chief Ministers conference held on October 2001 National Tourism Policy 2002 the Prime Minister of India, Shri. Atal Bihari Vajpayee had stated that Tourism is a major phenomenon of stinting growth in major parts of the world. Many countries have transformed their economies apply the tourism potential the fullesttourism has the potential to create different types of employment in various sectors from the most specialized to the unskilled and what India needs is the generation of massive productive employment opportunities .Tourism in India has a strong relevance to stinting development and employment generation. It creates huge employment opportunities, provides equitable distribution of wealth, swear outs to acquire the much needed foreign exchange, brings out a speedy de velopment and cash advance of infrastructural facilities. Developing countries have given a special importance for the development of tourism, for it is the main source of earning foreign exchange, thereby the economic status of the country goes up Honnappa, Ramakrishna 2006.Tourism is one of the few industries which generates mellowed levels of economic output, with minimum investments and has immense socioeconomic development potential. Indian tourism industry has recorded a phenomenal growth particularly from 1990s Sathyanarayana, Ramu 2006 in terms of both international and domestic figureor arrivals. A noticeable change in the holidaying trend was report both the international and domestic tourists showed an inclination towards adventure sports. India is slowly but surely awakening to its tourism potential. The outcome of many studies hat has been done close to tourism states that India is best suited for all kinds of tourism rural, cultural, eco-tourism, gistual, sports a nd adventure tourism. With small countries like Malaysia, Singapore and Thailand are all ready major tourist destinations India has to make out to promote itself to the world tourists Revathy 2008.Background of KeralaKerala, one of the smallest states lies in the southern coast of India, is one of the leading proponents of tourism in various sectors. Kerala has a vast and vivacious arena, where drama unfolds in the form of spell bounding heritage cites station, un -spoilt beaches, picturesque hill, roaring water falls, old temple towns, exotic wild life, bustling cities, surrounded with screening waters, varied adventure sports and a vibrant way of life. Kerala is one of Indias most advanced societies with nearly full literate people and excellent quality of life. The people of Kerala are more(prenominal) tender than people elsewhere because of high literacy rate Kumar, Sudheer 2007.On its way to becoming south, Kerala is one of the states that attract a large spell of tourist s in South India. In order to tap the tourist potential of so much history and such a variety of natural endowments, the Kerala political relation is taking a number of steps to improve the states infrastructures like air, road and rail links. The state is evolving new strategies, creating dynamic blue prints and ensuring meticulous execution depart make sure that the state go out emerge on top. Developing world class tourism products needs enhancing infrastructure, stream lining administration, strategic federation and marketing allow for ensure that tourism bring sustainable growth and prosperity to Kerala also known as Gods on Country Honnappa, Ramakrishna 2006. Kerala provides an ample chance for home stay and rural tourism. In this research work, this aspect of Kerala is trying to be explored. In addition to this, the fact that Kerala has remained and still continues to be one of the most favorite sites for tourists will also be highlighted (Thomas, K.W. (1992), pp.651-71 7). The landscape and the scenic knockout of Kerala are such that the tourists enjoy coming in India and exploring the various parts of Kerala (Sunderland, S., Nelson, R. (1995), pp. 53-74). In addition, it was also seen that in the recent times, the sector of rural tourism is also increasing manifold (Thomas, K.W. (1992), pp.651-717). Thus, though this research work, the concept of rural tourism will also be highlighted. This introduction highlights the fact that rural tourism is relevant in developing nations where there is enough of land cape and scenic beauty to give the feel of the rural life (Thomas, K.W. (1992), pp.651-717). Today, for rural tourism, a village open fire prove to be an important site for tourist attraction.Any ungoverned and indiscriminate growth of tourism leading to the problems of pollution, environmental and economic hazards and culture degradation will definitely be opposed by the highly refined host population of Kerala. The various negative factors of tourism will have far reaching consequences upon the people of Kerala besides making impact upon the tourists visiting the state.Definition of TourismTourism has been defined as the activities of persons travelling to and staying in grades outside of their usual environment for not more than one consecutive year for leisure, calling and other purposes WTO 1998. There are different words and meanings for tourism such as Domestic Tourism that involves residents of the given country travelling only inside the country. Inbound Tourism- involves residents travelling in the given country. Outbound Tourism means residents travelling in another country. International Tourism- consists of inbound and outgoing tourism WTO 1998.Sustainable TourismThere is no widely accepted definition of sustainable tourism. It could, of course, be suggested that sustainable tourism should simply be about applying the Brundtland Report definition of sustainpower to tourism. This could lead to a definit ion such as Forms of tourism which meet the needs of tourists, the tourism industry, and host communities today without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. There is another definition of sustainable tourism emphasizes the environmental, social and economic elements of the tourism system. This definition means tourism which is economically viable, but does not destroy the resources on which the future of tourism will depend, notably the physical environment and the social fabric of the host community Swarbrooke 1999.Sustainable tourism is the tourism development that protects important ecological and biological qualities and the process results in increased economic opportunity for local residents and involves them in decision- making, and respects the wholeness of cultural norms and traditions. Sustainable tourism development is based on the objective that it meets the needs of present tourists and host regions while protecting and enhancing opp ortunities for the future. It is envisaged as leading to centering of all resources in such a way that economic, social and aesthetic needs can be fulfilled while maintaining cultural integrity, essential ecological processes, biological diversity and life support system Ashraf, Fazili 2004. For the development of tourism, the department has decided to develop policies, strategies and plans for sustainable tourism.The tourism plan or policy is a gambling that will definitely have winners or losers that make the public sector tourism policy a political issue. Tourism has powerful vested interests that will seek to influence the political process such as transport operators and hoteliers. Such kind of groups may also oppose measures to make tourism more sustainable. Rather than giving importance to the merits of tourism view point, the government and local communities are taking the tourism decisions for political reasons Swarbrooke 1999. The concept of sustainability clearly embrace s the environment, people and economic systems. Therefore sustainable tourism is based on social progress reflecting the needs for everyone, effective protection of environment, prudent use of natural resources, maintenance of high and stable levels of economic growth and employment.According to Swarbrooke 1999, there are number of obstacles that will limit the role of the public sector in tourism, planning and development. They areTourism is only a low priority for the public sector and there seems to be a lack of political will to develop sustainable tourism.The concept of public sector planning and regulation are out of fashionMany public sector bodies lack the financial resources required to play a major role in tourism planning and development.There is lack of staff expertise in tourism in most public sector organizations around the world.The series of election affects the willingness of politicians to make the kind of long term decisions on which sustainable tourism depends.Pu blic sector is only a minor player in the tourism industry with least control over tourism products.Sustainable tourism is lead by motives like spirit of enquiry, love of beauty, search for knowledge and respect for nature. It aims at quality tourism which creates least damage to the natural, social and cultural environment. The sustainable tourism hinges upon the overall oversight as a viable method in sustainable tourist activities. The overall quality approach renders the management of products especially of tourist areas, extremely sensitive to the preferences and expectations of consumers. The private and public profitability of a tourist destination will depend on the client sanitation, since they will return more often and stay longer and will transmit a positive image of their holiday experience to others. However, as these preferences and expectations include the demand for unspoilt settings and consumer satisfaction, the profitability of a tourist spot, will call for the development of strategies for sustainable development Honnappa, Ramakrishna 2006Community Based TourismTourism can bring both benefits and problems to an area. If well planned, developed and managed, tourism generates local jobs and income and provides opportunities for local entrepreneurs to establish tourism enterprises that lead to improve the living standards of residents WTO 1998. Community based tourism includes a range of activities, services and amenities provided by the rural people to attract tourist to their area in order to generate extra income. It is often considered ideal and inherently sustainable as it attracts achievable number of visitors, does not need much infrastructural development , does not consume too much of already scarce resources, does not require high keep down of skill base, and provides a source of income to locals besides preserving the local culture and its traditions.One of the main attractions of CBT is the highly personal interactions between the host and the guest where both parties can share knowledge, ideas and experience and as a consequence increase the earnings of local community with minimal investments. Events like, a night out with the locals at their homes, fight in the littleer known village religious or cultural events, an opportunity to participate in local activities like agriculture, fishing or even living with locals and sharing their food, their lives and their occupation could provided the much needed fillip for community based tourism Mello 2008.Tourism can bring both benefits and problems to the local confederacy and its cultural patterns. Although more difficult to measure than economic or environmental impacts, socio -cultural impacts are major considerations in developing tourism in any place. These impacts can be especially critical in countries that still have strongly tralatitious economies and societies. Despite the fact that tourism can generate socio -cultural impacts, it is obvious that any kind of new development brings changes. Tourism is one of the important sources that can bring changes in a society. A well planned, developed and managed tourism in a socially responsible manner can bring some kinds of socio -cultural benefits such asImproves the living standards of people and helps pay for improvements to community facilities and services, if the economic benefits of tourism are well distributed.Conserves the cultural heritage of an area which otherwise expertness be lost as a result of general development taking place. Conservation of archeological and historic sites was referred to under environmental impacts. In some places tourism can be the impetus for revitalizing cultural patterns which might be disappearing.Reinforces or even renews a sense of pride of residents I their culture, when they observe tourists appreciating it.Helps develop and maintain museums, theatres and other cultural facilities supported by tourism but the residents can also enjoy it. Tourism provides an opportunity for cross culture exchange between tourists and residents who learn about, and come to respect one anothers culture. This exchange can be best be achieved through certain forms of tourism educational and other types of special interest tours, village tourism and home visit programmes whereby tourist can arrange to visit local families.Homestay TourismIt was noted that these days, the craze for home stay tourism is increasing. This is because now people have less time an in that less time they want to experience all that they can of the culture of the people. Home stay is one of the most recent opportunities for tourism business owners to lure the customers and at the same time maximize profit (Sunderland, S., Nelson, R. (1995), pp. 53-74). In this tourism, the host or the business owner allows the tourist to stay at their own houses or at specially designed huts such that they get first -hand information about the culture, and place they are visiting (Sunderland, S., Nelson, R. (1995), pp. 53-74).3-74). These Homestay businesses are ladder on a small scale by families allowing tourists to stay with them and to enjoy the food, lodging and other requirements. In lieu to these services, the person will give the home base a fixed amount of money that fixed earlier. In this way both the person and the visitor also benefitted (Sunderland, S., Nelson, R. (1995), pp. 53-74).There are cases in Kerala where traditional huts are also constructed so that the tourists and come and stay with the people to have the feel of life in the rural society (Thomas, K.W. (1992), pp.651-717). This led to the evolution of the home stay system as they get a chance to interact with the local people and host and gain first -hand experience about the place (Sunderland, S., Nelson, R. (1995), pp. 53-74). Home stay tourism is also a variant of ecotourism and primarily ensures in focusing that the tourists to give an experience of the rural lifestyle (Sunder land, S., Nelson, R. (1995), pp. 53-74). However, Kerala faces many social and economic problems in this. The culture of the host and the guest meet and so there are changes of hurting the sentiments of one another (Sunderland, S., Nelson, R. (1995), pp. 53-74). In addition, there are sometimes cases when the guest is not satisfied at the service given in that host (Hofstede, G. (2001), pp. 34-45). As the sceneries and scenic beauty and hospitality of Kerala are great, this has been using as a marketing strategy to explore the prospects of tourism in Kerala (Sunderland, S., Nelson, R. (1995), pp. 53-74). This interest of the people to get mixed with the local culture of the people help in making rural tourism so popular in Kerala (Hofstede, G. (2001), pp. 34-45). These will be described in detail in the research work.Definitions of Homestay TourismIt is comparable to bed and breakfasts, but even less formal. A home stay property is a non commercialized, private residence that accomm odates paying guest(s) who enjoy staying in the comfort and security of a family home. These guests often reside in the family home for an extended period of time, usually months rather than days. It is a safe, affordable means of accommodate popular amongst international students, interns, travelling professionals and adult visitors from other countries, who are looking to experience and learn about local lifestyle and culture cited on onecaribbean.orgHomestay is one type of tourism that promotes interaction between host families and tourists cited on mekongtourism.orgHomestay tourism refers to one pattern of tourism with emphasis on ecotourism and community based tourism, in which tourists will stay over night with the host in the villages. The hosts have to support visitors like a member of the family and involve them in all kinds of activities and shared experiences. These activities have the objective of learning about locals life style and livelihood of residents in the comm unity Phonwiset, Yomsatharn, Chusakul 2008 cited on nubkk.nu.ac.

The Classification Of Solid Waste Environmental Sciences Essay

The Classification Of Solid Waste Environmental Sciences EssayWaste management which has always formed part of the human society consists of decompose prevention, reuse, cycle of materials, composting, energy recovery and final tendency. The mushrooming of the worlds population, increasing industrialization, improving quality of life, and developments in technology have all impressioned in an increase in both the touchstone and the different types of strong loosenesss generated by industries, households and other activities (UNEP,1991). The problems of dealing with large amount of suck materials arise specially in developing countries where these changes have not been met by developments in waste-management technologies (Wilson Balkau, 1990). Domestic firm waste has become a health and environmental hazard in many developing countries as a result of c atomic function 18less handling and a failure to make arrangement for appropriate solid waste amassion techniques. It is a common belief that improving solid waste management (SWM) implies making waste collection and disposal systems more efficient, raising residents aw beness and enforcing SWM laws and regulations (Obeng.P.A Donkor.A.E Mensah.A 2009).2.1 Definition of solid wasteSolid waste drive come on be defined as a different types of solid materials and also slightly liquids in cans, that are disposed as being spent, useless, worthless or in excess (Nemerow.L.N, Gardy.A.J.F, Sullivan.P and Salvato.A.J 2009)2.2 Classification of solid wasteThe classification of solid waste is based on the content, moisture and heating look on. An example of classification is as followsGarbage refers to the biodegradable solid waste constituents, obtained during the preparation or storage of food (meat, fruits, and vegetables). These wastes water content of about 70% and a heating value of around 6ooooookg (Rao,1991)Rubbish refers to non-putrecible solid waste constituents either combustible (paper, wood, scrap ) or non-combustible (metals, glasses ceramics). These wastes contain about 25% of water and the heating value of the waste is around 15000000kg (Rao, 1991).Solid waste can be further classified based on the source of the solid wasteDomestic waste commercialized wasteInstitutional wasteIndustrial wasteAgricultural waste2.3 Sources and Types of solid wastesTable 1.0 below shows different source types of solid wastes producedSourcesTypical locations where wastes are generatedTypes of solid wastesMunicipal wastes (domestic, commercial, institutional)Residential, open areas (street)Food wastes, rubbish, paperIndustrial wastesFactory wastesOrganic wastes from food processing, metallic sludgesAgricultural wastesForestry wastesCrop residues, animal manure dig Quarrying wastesMining mineralsRock, topsoilEnergy generation wastesThermal power plantsFly ashSource Peavy, Rowe Tchobanoglous (1985)Since, domestic waste, commercial waste and institutional wastes are put in and transported by s imilar authorities, that is the municipal council or district council, they are usually group together and called Municipal Solid Waste (MSW).2.4 What is solid waste management?Solid waste management is considered as a serious matter in different parts of the world. The unexpected increase of waste deed emphasizes on the necessity of a right balance in the various technological facilities for the collection and treatment of waste, taking into consideration the existing regulations, economic constraints, environmental issues and also public acceptance, (Caputo.C.A, Pelagagge.M.P and Scacchia.F 2002).Solid waste management can be defined as the technical measures that will ensure respective executions of the functions of collection, transport, processing, treatment and disposal of solid waste. The global concern about environmental health suggests that wastes be managed in an efficient manner and disposed of in an acceptable way, in rig to reduce and or where possible get rid of its potential dangers that are posed to human beings and the environment as a whole, (Robinson 1986).2.5 The need for municipal solid waste managementThe need for municipal solid waste management arose since the effects of solid waste in the environment outweigh the benefits. The following illustrate some examples of improper solid waste management.Public Health Problems and DiseasesThe uncontrolled fermentation of garbage provides the food source and habitat for bacterial growth. Furthermore, there is proliferation of insects, flies, mosquitoes and some birds which act as passive vectors in the transmission of some infectious diseases.Aesthetic considerationDumping of solid waste everywhere and failure to collect those wastes in a proper way, not only provide rooms for the growth and spreading of mosquitoes and insects, but also give rise to strong scent and lead to an unsightly and unpleasant environment.Air PollutionUncontrolled and incomplete combustion of solid waste materials c an result in a number of unwanted air pollutants including particulate matter, smoke, sulphur dioxide and other noxious gases from the burning of plastic materials.Thus by analyzing the few health hazards and environmental impacts of solid waste, we conclude that a safe and environmentally and economically sustainable solid waste management plan is indispensable.2.6 General solid waste management in MauritiusIn Mauritius, it is the local authorities which consist of five municipalities for urban areas and four district councils for rural regions, private sectors such as Securiclean, Maxiclean, Atics among others, and the Ministry of Local Government which carry out waste collection. The Chief Health Inspector in all the five municipalities controls the operation of collection, disposal and street cleaning. The officer is also responsible for transport apportionment and operation, including control of drivers, except in Port-Louis where transport and drivers are on the establishment of the City Engineers department.There exist a similar structure in the triad district councils concerning the management and operational transport. However since the labour force is small, employees from the government are supplemented to perform the work.The frequency of collection regarding domestic refuse varies from twice a week to once monthly between local authorities. The collection of commercial or trade waste in urban and rural areas is treated as a main concern and a daily service is provided.With respect to storage, some municipalities have provided plastic bins and plastic bags to the residents. This has facilitated the collection process. All waste collected by the district and municipal council and the private contractors are disposed of directly to a dump site or to a transfer station where the waste is processed and compacted before dumping. (Source http//localgovernment.gov.mu)

Study On Adaptive Delta Modulation And Demodulation Computer Science Essay

Study On Adaptive Delta Modulation And De inflexion Computer Science EssayA modem to amend communicating system per painsance that drug ab drug abuses multiple intonation organization comprising modulation technique and encodificationr combinations. As communication system consummation and objective change, different modulation schemes may be selected. Modulation schemes may too be selected upon the communication channel scattering crop estimate and the modem estimates the channel scattering function from measurements of the im partly absolute frequency (Doppler) and time (multipath) spreading characteristics.An Adaptive sigma delta modulation and demodulation technique, wherein a gauger measure size of it is adapted based on estimates of an input planetary house to the quantizer, rather than on estimates of an input signal to the modulator.A technique for digital conferencing of sh ar signals in systems using adaptive delta modulation (ADM) with an idle pattern of al ternating 1s and 0s has been depict. Based on majority logic, it permits distortion-free reception of voice of a single active referee by all the early(a) subscribers in the conference. Distortion exists when more than one subscriber is active and the extent of this distortion depends upon the type of ADM algorithm that has been apply. An LSI oriented system based on time sharing of a common circuit by a offspring of channels has been implemented and tested. This technique, with only minor changes in circuitry, handles ADM channels that have idle patterns different from alternating single 1s and 0s.This method utilize for noise reduction. The modulator factor does non require a large anatomy of entropy to be represented. Representation is based upon a frequency do chief(prenominal) function having particular characteristics. A preferred embodiment of the invention incorpo points transform or sub band filtered signals which be transmitted as a modulated latitude example of a local region of a video signal. The modulation factor reflects the particular characteristic. Side information specifies the modulation factor1.2. Aimdigital techniques to wirelessly communicate voice information. Wireless environments are inherently noisy, so the voice cryptanalytics scheme chosen for such an application must be naughty in the presence of minute of arc errors. Pulse Coded Modulation (PCM) and its derivatives are commonly utilise in wireless consumer products for their compromise amid voice quality and writ of execution cost. Adaptive Delta Modulation (ADM) is another voice label scheme, a mature technique that should be considered for these applications because of its endorsement error robustness and its pocket-sized implementation cost.1.3. object lensTo show the Adaptive Delta Modulation (ADM) voice tag scheme which is the best coding scheme procedure when compare to all other techniques. The main part of the procedure is illust ordaind.1.4. Meth odologyGetting knowledge over different modulation and demodulation techniquesUnderstanding Delta modulation and Adaptive delta modulation.Studying Matlab-Simulink which is used for designing of circuit.Implementing the circuit in the lab.Tuning and fixing and calculating its efficiencyCHAPTER IDelta ModulationDelta modulation is also abbreviated as DM or -modulation. It is a technique of renascence from an analog-to-digital and digital-to-analog signal. If we want to transmit the voice we use this technique. In this technique we do not give that much of importance to the quality of the voice. DM is nothing notwithstanding the simplest form of differential urge- law modulation (DPCM). But on that point is some difference between these two techniques. In DPCM technique the successive samples are encoded into streams of n-bit data. But in delta modulation, the transmitted data is reduced to a 1-bit data stream.Main gambols* The analog signal is similar as a serial publication of segments.* To find the increase or decrease in relative amplitude, we should compare each and every segment of the approximated signal with the original analog wave.* By this comparison of original and approximated analog waves we finish determine the successive bits for establishing.* only the change of information is sent, that is, only an increase or decrease of the signal amplitude from the previous sample is sent whereas a no-change condition causes the modulated signal to remain at the same 0 or 1 state of the previous sample.By using oversampling techniques in delta modulation we crumb get large high signal-to-noise dimension. That means the analog signal is sampled at multiple higher than the Nyquist rate.PrincipleIn delta modulation, it quantizes the difference between the current and the previous step rather than the absolute time value quantization of the input analog waveform, which is shown in fig 1.Fig. 1 Block diagram of a -modulator/demodulatorThe quantizer of t he delta modulator converts the difference between the input signal and the average of the previous steps. The quantizer is measured by a comparator with reference to 0 (in 2- level quantizer), and its output is any 1 or 0. 1 means input signal is positive and 0 means negative. It is also called as a bit-quantizer because it quantizes only one bit at a time. The output of the demodulator rises or falls because it is nothing but an Integrator circuit. If 1 original means the output raises and if 0 received means output falls. The integrator internally has a low-pass filter it self.Transfer CharacteristicsA signum function is followed by the delta modulator for the transfer characteristics. It quantizes only levels of two number and also for at a time only one-bit.Output signal powerIn delta modulation amplitude it is does not matter that on that point is no expostulation on the amplitude of the signal waveform, due to there is any fixed number of levels. In addition to, there is no limitation on the be given of the signal waveform in delta modulation. We can stick with whether a slope is overload if so it can be avoided. However, in transmitted signal there is no limit to change. The signal waveform changes gradually.Bit-rateThe interference is due to possibility of in every DM or PCM is due to limited bandwidth in communication channel. Because of the above reason DM and PCM operates at same bit-rate.Adaptive Delta Modulation (ADM)Another type of DM is Adaptive Delta Modulation (ADM). In which the step-size isnt fixed. The step-size becomes progressively larger when slope overload occurs. When quantization error is increasing with expensive the slope error is also reduced by ADM. By using a low pass filter this should be reduced.The basic delta modulator was studied in the experiment entitled Delta modulation.It is implemented by the arrangement shown in block diagram form in FigureFigure Basic Delta ModulationA large step size was required when samplin g those parts of the input waveform of engross slope. But a large step size worsened the granularity of the sampled signal when the waveform being sampled was changing slowly. A small step size is preferred in regions where the message has a small slope.This suggests the need for a controll commensurate step size the control being sensitive to the slope of the sampled signal. This can be implemented by an arrangement such as is illustrated in FigureFig An Adaptive Delta ModulatorThe gain of the amplifier is adjusted in response to a control voltage from the SAMPLER, which signals the onset of slope overload. The step size is comparative to the amplifier gain. This was observed in an earlier experiment. Slope overload is indicated by a chronological sequence of output pulses of the same sign.The TIMS SAMPLER monitors the delta modulated signal, and signals when there is no change of polarity over 3 or more successive samples. The actual reconciling CONTROL signal is +2 volt unde r normal conditions, and rises to +4 volt when slope overload is detected.The gain of the amplifier, and hence the step size, is made proportional to this Control voltage. Provided the slope overload was only moderate the approximation will catch up with the wave being sampled. The gain will then conk to normal until the sampler again falls behind.Comparison of PCM and DMWhen coming to comparison of Signal-to-noise ratio DM has larger value than signal-to-noise ratio of PCM. Also for an ADM signal-to-noise ratio when compared to Signal-to-noise ratio of companded PCM.Complex coders and decoders are required for powerful PCM. If to increase the resolution we require a large number of bits per sample. There are no memories in Standard PCM systems each sample value is separately encoded into a series of binary digits. An alternative, which overcomes some limitations of PCM, is to use previous(prenominal) information in the encoding process. Delta modulation is the one way of doing to perform source coding.The signal is first quantized into discrete levels. For quantization process the step size between adjacent samples should be kept constant. From one level to an adjacent one the signal makes a transition of transmission. After the quantization movement is done, sending a zero for a negative transition and a one for a positive transition the signal transmission is achieved. We can observe from this point that the quantized signal must change at each sampling point.The transmitted bit train would be 111100010111110 for the above case. The demodulator for a delta-modulated signal is nothing but a staircase generator. To increments the staircase in positively a one should be received. For negative increments a zero should be receive. This is done by a low pass filter in general. The main thing for the delta modulation is to make the right choice of step size and sampling period. A term overloading is occurred when a signal changes randomly fast for the steps to follow. The step size and the sampling period are the key parameters.In modern consumer electronics short-range digital voice transmission is used.There are many products which uses digital techniques. Such as cordless telephones, wireless headsets (for mobile and land line telephones), baby monitors are few of the items. This digital techniques usedWirelessly communicate voice information. Due to inherent noise in wireless environments theVoice coding scheme chosen. For such an application the presence of robust bit errors must be. In the presence of bit errors Pulse Coded Modulation (PCM) and its derivatives are commonly used in wireless consumer products. This is due to their compromise between voice quality and implementation cost, but these are not robust schemes.Another important voice coding scheme is Adaptive Delta Modulation (ADM). It is a mature technique for consideration for these types of applications due to its robustness in bit error and its low implementation cost.T o quantize the difference between the current sample and the predicted value of the nextSample ADM is used. It uses a versatile called step height which is used to adjustment of the prognostic value of the next sample. For the reproduction of both slowly and rapidly changing input signals faithfully. In ADM, the representation of each sample is one bit (i.e. 1 or 0). It does not require any data framing for one-bit-per-sample stream to minimizing the workload on the host microcontroller.In any digital wireless application there should be Bit errors. In ideal environment most of the voice coding techniques are provided which are good in quality of phone frequency signals. The main thing is to provide good audio signals in everyday environment, there may be a presence of bit errors.For different voice coding methods and input signals the traditional performance metrics (e.g. SNR) does not measure accurately in audio quality.. Mean Opinion Score (MOS) testing is the main important parameter which overcomes the limitations of other metrics by successfully in audio quality. For audio quality the MOS testing is used. It is a scale of 1 to 5 which tells the audio quality status. In there 1 represents very less (bad) nomenclature quality and 5 represents excellent speech quality. A toll quality speech has a MOS score of 4 or higher than it. The audio quality of a traditional telephone call has same MOS value as above.The down the stairs graphs shows the relationship between MOS scores and bit errors for three of the most common voice coding schemes. Those are CVSD, -law PCM, and ADPCM. A continuously Variable Slope Delta (CVSD) coding is a member of the ADM family in voice coding schemes. The under graph shows the resulted audio quality (i.e. MOS score). All three schemes explain the number of bit errors. As the no of bit errors increases the graph indicates that ADM (CVSD) sounds better than the other schemes which are also increase.In an ADM design error dete ction and correction typically are not used because ADM provides poor performance in the presence of bit errors. This leads to reduction in host processor workload (allowing a low-cost processor to be used).The superior noise immunity significantly reduced for wireless applications in voice coding method. The ADM is supported strongly by workload for the host processor.The avocation example shows the benefits of ADM for wireless applications and is demonstrated. For a complete wireless voice product this low-power design is used which includes all of the building blocks, small form-factor, including the necessary items.ADM voice codecMicrocontrollerRF transceiverPower supply including rechargeable batteryMicrophone, speaker, amplifiers, etc.Schematics, board layout files, and microcontroller code written in C.Delta modulation (DM) may be viewed as a alter form of DPCM in which a two level (1-bit) quantizer is used in conjunction with a fixed first-order predictor. The block diagra m of a DM encoder-decoder is shown below.The dm_demo shows the use of Delta Modulation to approximate an input sine wave signal and a speech signal that were sampled at 2 KHz and 44 KHz, respectively. The source code file of the MATLAB code and the out put can be viewed using MATLAB. Notice that the approximated value follows the input value much closer when the sampling rate is higher. You may test this by changing sampling frequency, fs, value for sine wave in dm_demo file.Since DM (Delta Modulator) approximate a waveform Sa (t) by a elongate staircase function, the waveform Sa (t) must change slowly relative to the sampling rate. This requirement implies that waveform Sa (t) must be oversampled, i.e., at least quintuplet times the Nyquist rate.Oversampling means that the signal is sampled faster than is necessary. In the case of Delta Modulation this means that the sampling rate will be much higher than the borderline rate of twice the bandwidth. Delta Modulation requires over sampling in order to obtain an accurate prediction of the next input. Since each encoded sample contains a relatively small amount of information Delta Modulation systems require higher sampling rates than PCM systems. At any given sampling rate, two types of distortion, as shown below limit the performance of the DM encoder.Slope overload distortion This type of distortion is due to the use of a step size delta that is too small to follow portions of the waveform that have a steep slope. It can be reduced by increasing the step size.Granular noise This results from using a step size that is too large too large in parts of the waveform having a small slope. Granular noise can be reduced by decreasing the step size.Even for an optimized step size, the performance of the DM encoder may still be less satisfactory. An alternative solution is to employ a variable step size that adapts itself to the short-term characteristics of the source signal. That is the step size is increased when the waveform has a step slope and decreased when the waveform has a relatively small slope. This strategy is called adaptive DM (ADM).Block DiagramAdaptive Delta Modulation for Audio SignalsWhile transmitting speech for e.g. telephony the transfer rate should be kept as small as possible to save bandwidth because of economic reason. For this purpose Delta Modulation, adaptive Delta modulation, Differential Pulse-Code modulation is used to compress the data.In this different kind of Delta modulations and Differential Pulse Code modulations (DPCM) were realized to compress audio data.At first the principal of compressing audio data are explained, which the modulations based on. Mathematical equations (e.g. Auto Correlation) and algorithm (LD recursion) are used to develop solutions. Based on the mathematics and principals Simulink models were implemented for the Delta modulation, Adaptive Delta modulation as surface as for the adaptive Differential Pulse Code modulation. The theories were verified by applying measured signals on these models.CHAPTER IIPulse-code modulationPulse-code modulation (PCM) is a method used to digitally represent sampled analog signals, which was invented by Alec Reeves in 1937. It is the standard form for digital audio in computers and various Compact Disc and DVD formats, as well as other uses such as digital telephone systems. A PCM stream is a digital representation of an analog signal, in which the order of magnitude of the analogue signal is sampled regularly at uniform intervals, with each sample being quantized to the nearest value within a range of digital steps.PCM streams have two basic properties that determine their fidelity to the original analog signal the sampling rate, which is the number of times per second that samples are taken and the bit-depth, which determines the number of possible digital values that each sample can take.Digitization as part of the PCM processIn conventional PCM, the analog signal may be proces sed (e.g. by amplitude compression) before being digitized. Once the signal is digitized, the PCM signal is usually subjected to further processing (e.g. digital data compression).PCM with linear quantization is known as Linear PCM (LPCM).Some forms of PCM combine signal processing with coding. Older versions of these systems applied the processing in the analog domain as part of the A/D process newer implementations do so in the digital domain. These simple techniques have been largely rendered obsolete by modern transform-based audio compression techniques.* DPCM encodes the PCM values as differences between the current and the predicted value. An algorithm predicts the next sample based on the previous samples, and the encoder stores only the difference between this prediction and the actual value. If the prediction is reasonable, fewer bits can be used to represent the same information. For audio, this type of encoding reduces the number of bits required per sample by rough 25% compared to PCM.* Adaptive DPCM (ADPCM) is a variant of DPCM that varies the size of the quantization step, to allow further reduction of the required bandwidth for a given signal-to-noise ratio.* Delta modulation is a form of DPCM which uses one bit per sample.In telephony, a standard audio signal for a single phone call is encoded as 8000 analog samples per second, of 8 bits each, giving a 64 Kbit/s digital signal known as DS0. The default signal compression encoding on a DS0 is either -law (mu-law) PCM (North America and Japan) or A-law PCM (Europe and most of the rest of the world). These are logarithmic compression systems where a 12 or 13-bit linear PCM sample number is mapped into an 8-bit value. This system is described by international standard G.711. An alternative proposal for a floating point representation, with 5-bit mantissa and 3-bit radix, was abandoned.Where circuit costs are high and loss of voice quality is acceptable, it sometimes makes sense to compress the vo ice signal even further. An ADPCM algorithm is used to map a series of 8-bit -law or A-law PCM samples into a series of 4-bit ADPCM samples. In this way, the capacity of the line is doubled. The technique is detailed in the G.726 standard.Later it was found that even further compression was possible and additional standards were published.Pulse code modulation (PCM) data are transmitted as a serial bit stream of binary-coded time-division multiplexed words. When PCM is transmitted, premodulation filtering shall be used to confine the radiated RF spectrum. These standards define pulse train structure and system design characteristics for the implementation of PCM telemetry formats.Class Distinctions and Bit-Oriented CharacteristicsThe PCM formats are divided into two classes for reference. Serial bit stream characteristics are described below prior to frame and word oriented definitions.Two classes of PCM formats are covered in this chapter the basic, simpler types are class I, and t he more complex applications are class II. The use of any class II technique requires concurrence of the range involved. All formats with characteristics described in these standards are class I except those identified as class II. The following are examples of class II characteristicsa. Bit rates greater than 10 megabits per secondb. Word length in excess of 32 bits.c. fragmented wordsd. more than 8192 bits or 1024 words per minor frame.e. uneven spacing, not within the definition of sub commutation or super commutationf. Format changes.g. asynchronous embedded formatsh. tagged data formats.i. packet telemetryj. formats with data content other than unsigned straight binary, discrete, or complement arithmetic representation for negative numbers such as floating point variables, binary-coded decimal, and gain-and-valuek. asynchronous data transmissionl. merger of multiple format typesDemodulationDemodulation is the act of extracting the original information-bearing signal from a modu lated carrier wave. A demodulator is an electronic circuit used to recover the information content from the modulated carrier wave.These terms are traditionally used in connection with radio receivers, but many other systems use many kinds of demodulators. Another common one is in a modem, which is a contraction of the terms modulator/demodulator.TechniquesThere are several ways of demodulation depending on how parameters of the base-band signal are transmitted in the carrier signal, such as amplitude, frequency or phase. For example, for a signal modulated with a linear modulation, like AM (Amplitude Modulated), we can use a synchronous detector. On the other hand, for a signal modulated with an angular modulation, we must use an FM (Frequency Modulation) demodulator or a PM (Phase Modulation) demodulator. Different kinds of circuits perform these functions.Many techniques-such as carrier recovery, clock recovery, bit slip, frame synchronization, rake receiver, pulse compression, R eceived Signal Strength Indication, error detection and correction, etc. are only performed by demodulators, although any specific demodulator may perform only some or none of these techniques.Some Attributes of Demodulated dataOne important attribute of demodulation (or demod) data is that it focuses on high frequency vibration. Using a high pass filter, low frequency data is filtered out and a data collector is able to zoom in on low level high frequency vibration. This means that some peaks that would otherwise be lost in the noise push down of a normal narrow band spectrum (much lower than the normal vibration a machine emits) canbe detected using demodulation techniques.Another feature of demod, or of high frequency vibration in general, is that it is easily attenuated and does not travel well through a machines structure (termed the disco effect). As one moves away from a loud music source, one tends to hear only the bass, or low frequency sound, since the treble or high fre quency sounds dissipate rather quickly. This implies that vibration detected with demod is usually produced locally. In the case of a motor driving a pump through a coupling, demod data collected on the pump end will usually reflect the vibration emitted by the pump end. Lower frequency vibration may be transmitted through the coupling and may even be amplified on the other end of the machine depending upon its mobility.CHAPTER IIIResultsCritical AnalysisCHAPTER IV conclusionShort-range wireless digital voice transmission is used extensively in contemporary consumer electronics. Products such as cordless telephones, wireless headsets (for mobile and landline telephones) and baby monitors are just a few of the items that use digital techniques to wirelessly communicate voice information.Wireless environments are inherently noisy, so the voice coding scheme chosen for such an application must be robust in the presence of bit errors.Pulse coded modulation (PCM) and its derivatives are commonly used in wireless consumer products for their compromise between voice quality and implementation cost, but these schemes are not particularly robust in the presence of bit errors. Adaptive delta modulation (ADM) is a mature technique that should be considered for these applications because of its bit error robustness and its low implementation cost.ADM is a voice coding technique that quantizes the difference between the current sample and the predicted value of the next sample. It uses a variable step height to adjust the predicted value of the next sample so that both slowly and rapidly changing input signals can be faithfully reproduced. One bit is used to represent each sample in ADM. The one-bit-per-sample ADM data stream requires no data framing, thereby minimizing the workload on the host microcontroller.CHAPTER V

Motivation :: Business, Employee Satisfaction, Pay

Analysis The findings of the questionnaire revealed which motivational factors impacted the ladderplace. Pay was the most frequent response, with 92% of the responded answering that salary is biggest motivational factor. This is consistent with the findings of the second question when 82% of the respondents strongly agreed that that was a motivational factor in the workplace. Wiley (1997) purposeed that financial compensation impels motivation and job performance. Also, fit to Maslows hierarchy of needs (1943), psychological needs are state to be the first and most important need to be satisfied and in other to satisfy this needs, good or satisfactory wage has to be paid to employees to ensure maximum productivity.The finding of the research on the question 3 show that the 43% of the respondents strongly agreed that promotion motivate them whilst at workplace. (See figure 3). This finding fit on Herzbergs two factor supposition where he referred to intrinsic and extrinsic motivat ional factors.According to McCormick and Tifflin (1979), rewards can be either intrinsic or extrinsic. Intrinsic rewards stem from rewards that are inherent in the job itself and which the individual enjoys because of successfully completing the task or attaining his goals. While extrinsic rewards are those that are external to the task of the job, such as accept, work condition, fringe benefits, security, promotion, contract of service, the work environment and conditions of work.According to question 4, 37% of the respondents strongly agree with a job title affect their motivation at bottom workplace, where the job title make some staff at Kerry Food higher motivated due to their job title or status. According to Wiley (1997) suggest that by providing a higher status or designations the employee must be motivated. Employees prefer and proud of higher designations.According to question 5, the majority of the Kerry Food employees with 86% of the respondents felt that the change wi thin their shift wasnt good idea, and this lack of planning has affected the motivation of the employees in a negative way.Without a compressive roadmap or model for guiding the change process, organisational leaders may fall short in implementing their strategies for change Kotter (2007).According to question 6, the majority of the Kerry Food employees with 93% of the respondents said that they were more motivated before the change, the most affected where the participants with childrens, which they had to adopt new ways to avoid any conflict of their work patter, and most of them felt that they had to pay for a baby sister and it get expensive for them, and they felt dissatisfaction with the change.

Downfall and Destruction of Oedipus the King :: Oedipus the King Oedipus Rex

The Destruction of Oedipus the King The events in the play Oedipus the King show an underlying relationship of mans free will existing within the cosmic prepare or fate that the Greeks believed guided the universe. Man was given the freedom to choose ones own acitons, and was ultimately held responsible for them. Both ideas of fate and free will compete an undividing role in his destruction. Clarence Miller considered the killing of his father to be fate. This is what I consider that if fate is meant to be by a God, there is no office of avoiding fate, Miller said. Another theme in the story is of truth and freedom. In the Bible, Christ says, know the truth and it shall set you free. Pieris Berreitter felt that the whole opinion of truth brings about a paradox of what is written in literature. When Oedipus learns of the truth he does not rejoice or thank gods for the freedom it has brought instead he stabs his eyes out and loses his honor and his kingdom, argues Berreitter. He goes on to say, Can this be freedom, and if in fact it is,are those who discover a dark tragic past destined to suffer as Oedipus did? He makes a very good point,is the truth sometimes to much for one to handle? Yes sometimes it is, but it is a square(a) hero that can find the strength to overcome it. I think the most tragic part of the story was how he handled the truth about his extradite parents. I am sure it was awful for him to come to the realization of his fate coming true, but it wasnt all his fault. He did not have complete subdue of the situation, especially when he was younger. When we are children, we are innocent. We believe what we are told to believe and nothing else. He was told that he would kill his father and betrothe his mother, so he fled Corinth. He was not fleeing his past, as Berreitter states, he was trying to stop the tragedy of the future. If he only knew the truth about his adoptive parents, then he would have stayed in Corinth and never had met up with his father.Today, people could learn from Oedipuss mistake. Though the truth can be tough to hear, we need to learn how to handle it.